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Basic Medical Knowledge > Normal Value Lab Test > Flashcards

Normal Value Lab Test Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

White Blood Cells

A

4-11 x 10^9/L

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2
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

3.8-4.8 x 10^9/L

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3
Q

Hemoglobin

A

13.5-17.7 g/dL

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4
Q

Platelet

A

150-400 x 10^9/L

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5
Q

MCV

A

80-95 fL

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6
Q

MCH

A

27-32 pg

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7
Q

MCHC

A

32-36 g/dL

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8
Q

Lymphocyte

A

20-45%

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9
Q

Neutrophil

A

40-75%

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10
Q

Hematocrit/ PCV

A

36-46%

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11
Q

Type of polycythemia

A
  • Absolute (Primary vs Secondary)

- Relative

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12
Q

Cause of microcytic anemia

A

[TAILS]

  • Thalassemia
  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • IDA
  • Lead poisoning
  • Sideroblastic anemia
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13
Q

Cause of normocytic anemia

A
  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • Acute blood loss
  • Increase plasma volume (pregnancy, fluid overload)
  • Aplastic anemia
  • Hemolysis
  • Hypersplenism
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14
Q

Cause of macrocytic anemia

A
  • B12/ folate deficiency
  • Toxins (eg: alcohol)
  • Liver disease
  • Reticulocytosis
  • Pregnancy
  • Myeloma
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15
Q

Problem with rising hematocrit

A

> Hyperviscosity Syndrome

- associated with development of thrombi (headache, blurred vision and chest pain)

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16
Q

Causes of Raised Reticulocyte + Anemia

A

> Peripheral destruction

  • hemolysis
  • bleeding
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17
Q

Causes of Low Reticulocyte + Anemia

A

> Nutritional deficiency

  • B12/ folate
  • Iron

> Primary bone marrow disorder

  • aplastic anemia
  • bone marrow infiltration from malignancy
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18
Q

Causes of Raised Reticulocyte without Anemia

A
  • Compensated blood loss/ hemolysis

- Adapting to increased oxygen demand

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19
Q

Causes of Leukopenia

A
  • Infection: transient phenomenon in viral, HIV
  • Medication: antibiotic, immunosuppressant chemotherapy
  • Nutrient: B12/ folate, iron
  • Autoimmune
  • BM failure
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20
Q

Causes of Lymphocytosis

A
  • Viral infection
  • Smoking
  • Hyposplenism
  • Malignancy: leukemia/ lymphoma
  • Pertussis
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21
Q

Causes of Lymphopenia

A
  • Infection
  • Older age
  • Alcohol excess
  • HIV
  • Bone marrow disease
  • Medication: cytotoxic, immunosuppressant
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22
Q

Causes of Eosinophilia

A
  • Allergies
  • Parasitic infection
  • Asthma
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23
Q

Causes of Basophilia

A
  • Allergies
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Infection
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hematological malignancies
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24
Q

Causes of acute Thrombocytopenia

A
  • Consumption (eg: infection, bleeding)
  • Acute viral infection
  • DIC
  • Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
  • ITP
  • Pregnancy: pre-eclampsia/ HELLP syndrome
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25
Q

Sodium

A

137-149 mmol/L

26
Q

Potassium

A

3.8-5.2 mmol/L

27
Q

Chloride

A

97-107 mmol/L

28
Q

Urea

A

1.7-8.3 mmol/L

29
Q

Cause of decreased BUN

A
  • Fluid overload
  • Malnutrition
  • Severe liver disease
  • SIADH
30
Q

Cause of increase BUN

A

> Prerenal

  • CCF
  • Shock
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea

> Postrenal

  • Bilateral ureteral obstruction
  • Bladder outlet obstruction
  • Bladder dysfunction
31
Q

BUN/ Creatinine ratio

A

10-20

32
Q

Cause of increase BUN/ Creatinine ratio

A
  • Heart failure
  • Blood loss
  • Dehydration
33
Q

Cause of decrease BUN/ Creatinine ratio

A
  • Severe liver disease
  • SIADH
  • Pregnancy
  • Rhabdomyolysis
34
Q

Creatinine

A

62-133 umol/L

35
Q

Total bilirubin

A

<17 umol/L

36
Q

Direct bilirubin

A

<4.3 umol/L

37
Q

Albumin

A

35-50 g/L

38
Q

Globulin

A

20-35 g/L

39
Q

AST

A

1-73 U/L

40
Q

ALT

A

1-41 U/L

41
Q

ALP

A

35-125 U/L

42
Q

Total Protein

A

62-77 g/L

43
Q

Liver enzyme and location

A
  • AST: Liver, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
  • ALT: Liver
  • ALP: Liver, bones
  • GGT: Liver, biliary epithelial cells
44
Q

pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

45
Q

pCO2

A

35-45

46
Q

pO2

A

80-100

47
Q

Base Excess (BE)

A

+- 3 mmol/L

48
Q

SO2

A

95-99%

22-26 mmol/L

49
Q

Causes of raised anion gap

A
  • Starvation and Uremia - Increased concentration of lactate, ketones, or renal acids
  • Overdoses of PCM, salicylates, methanol, or ethylene glycol
50
Q

Random blood glucose

A

< 8 mmol/L

51
Q

Fasting blood glucose

A

< 100 mg/dL

52
Q

Cholesterol

A

0.1 - 5.2 mmol/L

53
Q

Triglyceride

A

0.1 - 2.3 mmol/L

54
Q

HDL-cholesterol

A

0.9 - 999 mmol/L

55
Q

LDL-cholesterol

A

0.9 - 3.9 mmol/L

56
Q

Calcium

A

2.02 - 2.6 mmol/L

57
Q

Prothrombin time

A

11 - 16 sec

58
Q

aPTT

A

28 - 45 sec

59
Q

Causes of prolonged PT

A
  • Vitamin K antagonist (eg: Warfarin)
  • Heparin
  • Vitamin K deficiency (eg: malnutrition, prolonged broad-spectrum Abx, fat malabsorption syndrome)
  • Liver disease
  • DIC
  • Factor deficiency (eg: factor II, V, VII, or X)
  • Antiphospholipid antibodies
60
Q

Causes of prolonged aPTT

A
  • Heparin
  • Direct thrombin/ factor Xa inhibitor
  • Liver disease
  • DIC
  • vWD
  • Hemophilia A or B
  • Factor inhibitor
  • Lupus anticoagulant type inhibitor

Basic Medical Knowledge (5 decks)

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