Normal Value Lab Test Flashcards
White Blood Cells
4-11 x 10^9/L
Red Blood Cells
3.8-4.8 x 10^9/L
Hemoglobin
13.5-17.7 g/dL
Platelet
150-400 x 10^9/L
MCV
80-95 fL
MCH
27-32 pg
MCHC
32-36 g/dL
Lymphocyte
20-45%
Neutrophil
40-75%
Hematocrit/ PCV
36-46%
Type of polycythemia
- Absolute (Primary vs Secondary)
- Relative
Cause of microcytic anemia
[TAILS]
- Thalassemia
- Anemia of chronic disease
- IDA
- Lead poisoning
- Sideroblastic anemia
Cause of normocytic anemia
- Anemia of chronic disease
- Acute blood loss
- Increase plasma volume (pregnancy, fluid overload)
- Aplastic anemia
- Hemolysis
- Hypersplenism
Cause of macrocytic anemia
- B12/ folate deficiency
- Toxins (eg: alcohol)
- Liver disease
- Reticulocytosis
- Pregnancy
- Myeloma
Problem with rising hematocrit
> Hyperviscosity Syndrome
- associated with development of thrombi (headache, blurred vision and chest pain)
Causes of Raised Reticulocyte + Anemia
> Peripheral destruction
- hemolysis
- bleeding
Causes of Low Reticulocyte + Anemia
> Nutritional deficiency
- B12/ folate
- Iron
> Primary bone marrow disorder
- aplastic anemia
- bone marrow infiltration from malignancy
Causes of Raised Reticulocyte without Anemia
- Compensated blood loss/ hemolysis
- Adapting to increased oxygen demand
Causes of Leukopenia
- Infection: transient phenomenon in viral, HIV
- Medication: antibiotic, immunosuppressant chemotherapy
- Nutrient: B12/ folate, iron
- Autoimmune
- BM failure
Causes of Lymphocytosis
- Viral infection
- Smoking
- Hyposplenism
- Malignancy: leukemia/ lymphoma
- Pertussis
Causes of Lymphopenia
- Infection
- Older age
- Alcohol excess
- HIV
- Bone marrow disease
- Medication: cytotoxic, immunosuppressant
Causes of Eosinophilia
- Allergies
- Parasitic infection
- Asthma
Causes of Basophilia
- Allergies
- Chronic inflammation
- Infection
- Hypothyroidism
- Hematological malignancies
Causes of acute Thrombocytopenia
- Consumption (eg: infection, bleeding)
- Acute viral infection
- DIC
- Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
- ITP
- Pregnancy: pre-eclampsia/ HELLP syndrome
Sodium
137-149 mmol/L
Potassium
3.8-5.2 mmol/L
Chloride
97-107 mmol/L
Urea
1.7-8.3 mmol/L
Cause of decreased BUN
- Fluid overload
- Malnutrition
- Severe liver disease
- SIADH
Cause of increase BUN
> Prerenal
- CCF
- Shock
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
> Postrenal
- Bilateral ureteral obstruction
- Bladder outlet obstruction
- Bladder dysfunction
BUN/ Creatinine ratio
10-20
Cause of increase BUN/ Creatinine ratio
- Heart failure
- Blood loss
- Dehydration
Cause of decrease BUN/ Creatinine ratio
- Severe liver disease
- SIADH
- Pregnancy
- Rhabdomyolysis
Creatinine
62-133 umol/L
Total bilirubin
<17 umol/L
Direct bilirubin
<4.3 umol/L
Albumin
35-50 g/L
Globulin
20-35 g/L
AST
1-73 U/L
ALT
1-41 U/L
ALP
35-125 U/L
Total Protein
62-77 g/L
Liver enzyme and location
- AST: Liver, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
- ALT: Liver
- ALP: Liver, bones
- GGT: Liver, biliary epithelial cells
pH
7.35 - 7.45
pCO2
35-45
pO2
80-100
Base Excess (BE)
+- 3 mmol/L
SO2
95-99%
22-26 mmol/L
Causes of raised anion gap
- Starvation and Uremia - Increased concentration of lactate, ketones, or renal acids
- Overdoses of PCM, salicylates, methanol, or ethylene glycol
Random blood glucose
< 8 mmol/L
Fasting blood glucose
< 100 mg/dL
Cholesterol
0.1 - 5.2 mmol/L
Triglyceride
0.1 - 2.3 mmol/L
HDL-cholesterol
0.9 - 999 mmol/L
LDL-cholesterol
0.9 - 3.9 mmol/L
Calcium
2.02 - 2.6 mmol/L
Prothrombin time
11 - 16 sec
aPTT
28 - 45 sec
Causes of prolonged PT
- Vitamin K antagonist (eg: Warfarin)
- Heparin
- Vitamin K deficiency (eg: malnutrition, prolonged broad-spectrum Abx, fat malabsorption syndrome)
- Liver disease
- DIC
- Factor deficiency (eg: factor II, V, VII, or X)
- Antiphospholipid antibodies
Causes of prolonged aPTT
- Heparin
- Direct thrombin/ factor Xa inhibitor
- Liver disease
- DIC
- vWD
- Hemophilia A or B
- Factor inhibitor
- Lupus anticoagulant type inhibitor
