Normal structures in Respiratory System Flashcards
Para-sinuses
what does it do?
○ reduces weigh of head
○ vocal resonance - timbre
list the para-nasal sinuses
- 2 Maxillary,
- 2 frontal,
- 3 per side ethmoid,
- sphenoid 2
What kind of cells line the sinuses
pseudo-stratified columnar (single layer) with Goblet cells and cilia
What is included in the pharynx
Where the nasopharynx joins the oropharynx, passage for food and water
What does the epiglottis do when we are eating and breathing
protects the opening into the larynx by flipping down with swallowing or ventilation
which lobe of the lung is more likely to aspire material. Why
the Right because it is longer and straighter
What are the lymphoid structures in the upper respiratory tract
mucosal lining, cilia, adenoids, tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils & palantine tonsils
How would inhaled air be altered as it pass through the nasal passages and pharynx
moistened, filtered, warmed by the folds, mucosa and cilia
How do allergens affect the upper respiratory tract
causes sneezing and coughing, neutrophils hopefully catch the allergens, and it causes irritation in the sinuses
Lungs are independent of one another, they are separated by what
mediastinum
Hilum
point at which the bronchus enters the lung
the pleura membrane, state the outside sac, and the inside sac
Visceral - outsides of lung
Parietal - inside of lung
T or F
Lungs have skeletal muscles
false
list the muscles that support breathing
intercostasl and abdominal muscles, diaphragm
bronchodilation
resuls when sympathetic stimulation relaxes the smooth muscle, dilating or enlarging the bronchioles.
Airflow during inspiration and expiration depends on a ____________ gradient
pressure
from high pressure to low
as the size of the thoracic cavity decreses, the pressure inside the cavity _________
increases
Why do we measure pulmonary volumes
Useful as they can change with dx and are helpful in monitoring patient’s progress in response to treatment.
in the brain, where is the control of breathing located
medulla, pons and brain stem
tidal volume
amount of air entering lungs with each normal breath
Residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
Inspiratory
reserve
maximal volume of air inspired in exess of normal tidal volume
expiratory reserve
Max volume of air expired after a passive expiration
vital capacity
macimal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration
Total Lung capacity
total volume of air in the lungs after a max inspiration
surfactant
has a detergent action that reduces surface tension of the aveolar fluid
forced inspiration
req extra energy and muscular activity,
SCM, scalenes, pectoralis minor and serratus muscles increse elevation of the ribs and sternum
abdominal contract to increase upward pressure on diaphragm and the intercostal muscles pull
______ controls the basic rhythm by stimulating the phrenic nerves to the diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles
Medulla
the _______ play a role in coordinating inspiration, expiration and the intervals for each
pons
chemoreceptors of breathing detect the changes in levels of what in the blood
CO2, H ions, O2 in blood
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors
carotid bodies in aortic arch sensitive to decreased O2 levels as well as low pH
