Normal structures in Respiratory System

Question 1

Para-sinuses

what does it do?

Answer 1

○ reduces weigh of head

○ vocal resonance - timbre

Question 2

list the para-nasal sinuses

Answer 2

• 2 Maxillary,
  
  • 2 frontal,
  • 3 per side ethmoid,
  • sphenoid 2

Question 3

What kind of cells line the sinuses

Answer 3

pseudo-stratified columnar (single layer) with Goblet cells and cilia

Question 4

What is included in the pharynx

Answer 4

Where the nasopharynx joins the oropharynx, passage for food and water

Question 5

What does the epiglottis do when we are eating and breathing

Answer 5

protects the opening into the larynx by flipping down with swallowing or ventilation

Question 6

which lobe of the lung is more likely to aspire material. Why

Answer 6

the Right because it is longer and straighter

Question 7

What are the lymphoid structures in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 7

mucosal lining, cilia, adenoids, tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils & palantine tonsils

Question 8

How would inhaled air be altered as it pass through the nasal passages and pharynx

Answer 8

moistened, filtered, warmed by the folds, mucosa and cilia

Question 9

How do allergens affect the upper respiratory tract

Answer 9

causes sneezing and coughing, neutrophils hopefully catch the allergens, and it causes irritation in the sinuses

Question 10

Lungs are independent of one another, they are separated by what

Answer 10

mediastinum

Question 11

Hilum

Answer 11

point at which the bronchus enters the lung

Question 12

the pleura membrane, state the outside sac, and the inside sac

Answer 12

Visceral - outsides of lung

Parietal - inside of lung

Question 13

T or F

Lungs have skeletal muscles

Answer 13

false

Question 14

list the muscles that support breathing

Answer 14

intercostasl and abdominal muscles, diaphragm

Question 15

bronchodilation

Answer 15

resuls when sympathetic stimulation relaxes the smooth muscle, dilating or enlarging the bronchioles.

Question 16

Airflow during inspiration and expiration depends on a ____________ gradient

Answer 16

pressure

from high pressure to low

Question 17

as the size of the thoracic cavity decreses, the pressure inside the cavity _________

Answer 17

increases

Question 18

Why do we measure pulmonary volumes

Answer 18

Useful as they can change with dx and are helpful in monitoring patient’s progress in response to treatment.

Question 19

in the brain, where is the control of breathing located

Answer 19

medulla, pons and brain stem

Question 20

tidal volume

Answer 20

amount of air entering lungs with each normal breath

Question 21

Residual volume

Answer 21

amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Question 22

Inspiratory

reserve

Answer 22

maximal volume of air inspired in exess of normal tidal volume

Question 23

expiratory reserve

Answer 23

Max volume of air expired after a passive expiration

Question 24

vital capacity

Answer 24

macimal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration

Question 25

Total Lung capacity

Answer 25

total volume of air in the lungs after a max inspiration

Question 26

surfactant

Answer 26

has a detergent action that reduces surface tension of the aveolar fluid

Question 27

forced inspiration

Answer 27

req extra energy and muscular activity,
SCM, scalenes, pectoralis minor and serratus muscles increse elevation of the ribs and sternum
abdominal contract to increase upward pressure on diaphragm and the intercostal muscles pull

Question 28

______ controls the basic rhythm by stimulating the phrenic nerves to the diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles

Answer 28

Medulla

Question 29

the _______ play a role in coordinating inspiration, expiration and the intervals for each

Answer 29

pons

Question 30

chemoreceptors of breathing detect the changes in levels of what in the blood

Answer 30

CO2, H ions, O2 in blood

Question 31

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 31

carotid bodies in aortic arch sensitive to decreased O2 levels as well as low pH