Disorders of the Oral Canal

Question 1

•Cleft lip and cleft palate are common developmental abnormalities of the mouth and face and arise in the __________________________

Answer 1

2ndor 3rdmonth AOG - gestation

Question 2

causes of cleft palate

Answer 2

Problems with genes passed down from one or both parents, drugs, viruses, or other toxins can all cause these birth defects
Smoking drugs and alcohol = likely

Question 3

what structure fails to fuse in cleft palate

Answer 3

Maxillary process - failure of the hard and soft palates to fuse between 7-12 weeks AOG

Question 4

what problems may an infant have due to cleft palate

Answer 4

•The infant has feeding problems because there is insufficient force developed in the mouth to suck

Question 5

Which cavities are affected by cleft palate?

Answer 5

•This creates an opening between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

Question 6

what are the risk factors of cleft palate

Answer 6

High risk of aspirating fluid into the respiratory passages

Speech development is also impaired

Question 7

treatment of cleft palate

Answer 7

surgery

Question 8

When is surgery done for cleft palate

Answer 8

–Surgery to close the cleft lip is often done when the child is between 6 weeks and 9 months old

Question 9

Aphthous ulcers

Answer 9

canker sores

Question 10

are small, shallow, painful lesions occurring in the movable mucosa, buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate, and the lateral borders of the tongue

Answer 10

Aphthous ulcers

Question 11

what difficulties may one have from Aphthous ulcers

Answer 11

makes eating and speaking difficult

Question 12

List causes of canker sores

Answer 12

• Canker sores may also be linked to problems with the body’s immune (defense) system
• The sores may occur after a mouth injury due to dental work, aggressive tooth cleaning, or biting the tongue or cheek hormonal, Helbacti pili,
• Oral cavity flora, Streptococcus sanguis may be involved

Question 13

how do you treat canker sores

Answer 13

Treatment is usually not necessary, as in most cases, the canker sores go away by themselves

Question 14

List some predominant bad guys which can overgrow in the mouth

Answer 14

Fungi - candida

Protozoa - entamoeba gingivalis

Question 15

_______________ can cause oral thrush due to broad spectrum antibiotics, steroid, diabetes, chemotherapy

Answer 15

Candida albicans

Question 16

Cause of thrush?

Answer 16

•This may be caused by broad spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy or glucocorticoids;

Question 17

__________ is a yeast infection of the mucus membrane lining the mouth and tongue

Answer 17

•Thrush

Question 18

_____________ infection may appear as a red, swollen area in the mouth. Or as irregular patches of a white curd-like material on the mucosa or tongue that can be wiped off to reveal an erythema base - cotton feeling in mouth,

Answer 18

Candida

Question 19

treatment of candida

Answer 19

Nystatin, a topical antifungal agent is the usual treatment

Question 20

cause of herpes infection

Answer 20

It is caused by Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and is transmitted by kissing or close contact

Question 21

The initial herpes infection is frequently asymptomatic, but the virus remains dormant in the body in a sensory ganglion, often the ___________________

Answer 21

trigeminal nerve ganglion

Question 22

triggers of herpes infection

Answer 22

When activated by stress, trauma or another infection (such as a common cold)

Question 23

when the herpes virus is activated, what is happening?

Answer 23

the virus migrates along the nerve to the skin or mucosa around the mouth
•This causes a burning or stinging sensation at the site
•This is followed by development of vesicles as the virus reproduces

Question 24

how is the herpes virus spread?

Answer 24

Sharing eating utensils, oral sex,

Question 25

how long does it usually take for a herpes lesion to heal

Answer 25

•The lesions heal spontaneously in 7-10 days, when the virus again migrates along the trigeminal nerve to the sensory ganglion, where it enters the latent stage

Question 26

is there a cure for HSV-1?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

in which stages is syphilis contagious?

Answer 27

highly contagious during the 1st and 2nd stages

Question 28

what bacteria causes Syphilis?

Answer 28

Treponema pallidum

Question 29

Primary stage of syphilis

Answer 29

○ The primary stage is characterized by a painless ulcer usually found on the tongue, lips or palate (then heals without healing) - canker - penis, vulva anus, tongue , fingers, tongue. Symptoms begin 3-4 weeks post

Question 30

Secondary stage of Syphilis

Answer 30

○ 2nd stage may be manifested by red macules or papules on the palate - bacteria spreads in blood stream - swollen lymph nodes, 6-12 weeks, some have a canker, rash - where? Red macules or papules on the palate

Question 31

latent stage of syphilis

Answer 31

○ Latent - recover and have no symptoms, carrier and not contagious, can last from years to decades

Question 32

3rd stage of syphilis

Answer 32

○ 3rd stage - mild to devastating - 3 main forms, benign - of the brain, of the Heart, neruo - spinal cord.

Question 33

common cancer of oral cavity

Answer 33

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 34

oral cancer is more common in which population?

Answer 34

–Older than 40 –Smokers –Leukoplakia (is hyperkeratosis, a whitish plaque or epidermal thickening of the mucosa that occurs on the buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip) –History of alcohol abuse

Question 35

Mumps:

Answer 35

- Mumps is a contagious disease that leads to painful swelling of the salivary glands = parotid glands - in front of the ears

Question 36

how are mumps spread?

Answer 36

The virus is spread from person to person by respiratory droplets or by direct contact

Question 37

cause of mumps

Answer 37

paramyxovirus

Question 38

Sialadenitis

Answer 38

* Inflammation of the salivary glands (infectious or non-infectious) * The parotid gland is most frequently affected

Question 39

Dysphagia

Answer 39

•Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing

Question 40

causes of dysphagia

Answer 40

–Neurologic causes of dysphagia include infection, stroke, brain damage, and achalasia –Infection of the brainstem, stroke or brain damage affecting cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XII may cause dysphagia

Question 41

what kind of disorders have dysphagia associated issues

Answer 41

ALS, MS, - A scarring, cancer, enlarged thyroid; achalasia

Question 42

- Achalasia -

Answer 42

–Achalasia results from failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax owing to loss of innervation

Question 43

how does achalasia impact consuming food?

Answer 43

–This leads to accumulation of food and dilation of the lower esophagus as entry of food into the stomach is delayed

Question 44

what does chronic achalasia cause?

Answer 44

–Often chronic inflammation develops in the esophagus and reflux of this food may lead to aspiration - Can cause lung infections

Question 45

an individual who has long-term achalasia - risk of esophageal carcinoma?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

–Congenital atresia

Answer 46

–Congenital atresia is a developmental defect in which the upper and lower esophageal segments are separated, the upper section ends in a blind pouch

Question 47

–Stenosis

Answer 47

–Stenosis or narrowing of the esophagus, usually secondary to fibrosis from chronic inflammation, radiation therapy. It may result from scar tissue formed after ingestion of corrosive chemicals

Question 48

–Esophageal diverticula

Answer 48

–Esophageal diverticula are outpouchings of the esophageal wall that result from either congenital defects or inflammation. The accumulated food in the pouch obstructs the flow of food down the esophagus, causing inflammation and scarring

Question 49

Esophageal Cancer

Answer 49

•Esophageal cancer is primarily squamous cell carcinoma and is most commonly found in the distal esophagus

Question 50

what population has a higher likeliness of getting esophageal cancer

Answer 50

more men than women

Question 51

complications to esophageal cancer

Answer 51

- Weight loss, difficult to eat or drink, coughing, | - Esophagus can erode, tracheal esophageal fistulas

Question 52

•Tumors in the esophagus either form circumferential strictures or grow out into the lumen of the esophagus. Both types cause significant ____________ in the later stages

Answer 52

dysphagia

Question 53

Esophageal Cancer - what is it's cause associated with?

Answer 53

•It is associated with chronic irritation (ie. From chronic esophagitis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse and smoking)

Question 54

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 54

In globulet cells - mucus secreting - distal portion of esophagus

Question 55

Hiatal Hernia

Answer 55

•Part of the stomach protrudes through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity

Question 56

factors which contribute to hiatal hernia

Answer 56

•Factors contributing to hiatal hernia include shortening of the esophagus, weakness of the diaphragm or increased abdominal pressure - Causes: genetic, pressure, strain, heavy lifting,

Question 57

what are the 2 types of hiatal hernia

Answer 57

–Rolling or paraesophageal hernia | –Sliding hiatal hernia

Question 58

•Signs and Symptoms - Hiatal Hernia

Answer 58

–Heartburn or pyrosis (a brief substernal burning sensation) often accompanied by a sour taste in the mouth, which occurs after meals –This results from reflux of the gastric contents up the esophagus –Frequent belching (gas) often accompanies this regurgitation –Persistent, mild, substernal chest pain after meals is a frequent complaint because of inflammation or distention of the pouch

Question 59

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Answer 59

GERD involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus

Question 60

treatment for hiatal hernia

Answer 60

- Elevating the head, losing weight, stopping smoking, eliminating acidic foods, antacids, –Medications that neutralize stomach acid (antacids), decrease acid production (H2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors), or strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter (prokinetic agents) may be prescribed

Question 61

Chronic gastritis

Answer 61

Chronic gastritis is characterized by atrophy of the mucosa of the stomach, with loss of the secretory glands. The loss of the parietal cells leads to achlorhydria and lack of intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12).

Question 62

Acute Gastritis

Answer 62

•It is the acute inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach, which is often erosive and hemorrhagic