Disorders of the Oral Canal Flashcards
•Cleft lip and cleft palate are common developmental abnormalities of the mouth and face and arise in the __________________________
2ndor 3rdmonth AOG - gestation
causes of cleft palate
Problems with genes passed down from one or both parents, drugs, viruses, or other toxins can all cause these birth defects
Smoking drugs and alcohol = likely
what structure fails to fuse in cleft palate
Maxillary process - failure of the hard and soft palates to fuse between 7-12 weeks AOG
what problems may an infant have due to cleft palate
•The infant has feeding problems because there is insufficient force developed in the mouth to suck
Which cavities are affected by cleft palate?
•This creates an opening between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity
what are the risk factors of cleft palate
High risk of aspirating fluid into the respiratory passages
Speech development is also impaired
treatment of cleft palate
surgery
When is surgery done for cleft palate
–Surgery to close the cleft lip is often done when the child is between 6 weeks and 9 months old
Aphthous ulcers
canker sores
are small, shallow, painful lesions occurring in the movable mucosa, buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate, and the lateral borders of the tongue
Aphthous ulcers
what difficulties may one have from Aphthous ulcers
makes eating and speaking difficult
List causes of canker sores
- Canker sores may also be linked to problems with the body’s immune (defense) system
- The sores may occur after a mouth injury due to dental work, aggressive tooth cleaning, or biting the tongue or cheek hormonal, Helbacti pili,
- Oral cavity flora, Streptococcus sanguis may be involved
how do you treat canker sores
Treatment is usually not necessary, as in most cases, the canker sores go away by themselves
List some predominant bad guys which can overgrow in the mouth
Fungi - candida
Protozoa - entamoeba gingivalis
_______________ can cause oral thrush due to broad spectrum antibiotics, steroid, diabetes, chemotherapy
Candida albicans
Cause of thrush?
•This may be caused by broad spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy or glucocorticoids;
__________ is a yeast infection of the mucus membrane lining the mouth and tongue
•Thrush
_____________ infection may appear as a red, swollen area in the mouth. Or as irregular patches of a white curd-like material on the mucosa or tongue that can be wiped off to reveal an erythema base - cotton feeling in mouth,
Candida
treatment of candida
Nystatin, a topical antifungal agent is the usual treatment
cause of herpes infection
It is caused by Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and is transmitted by kissing or close contact
The initial herpes infection is frequently asymptomatic, but the virus remains dormant in the body in a sensory ganglion, often the ___________________
trigeminal nerve ganglion
triggers of herpes infection
When activated by stress, trauma or another infection (such as a common cold)
when the herpes virus is activated, what is happening?
the virus migrates along the nerve to the skin or mucosa around the mouth
•This causes a burning or stinging sensation at the site
•This is followed by development of vesicles as the virus reproduces
how is the herpes virus spread?
Sharing eating utensils, oral sex,
how long does it usually take for a herpes lesion to heal
•The lesions heal spontaneously in 7-10 days, when the virus again migrates along the trigeminal nerve to the sensory ganglion, where it enters the latent stage
is there a cure for HSV-1?
no
in which stages is syphilis contagious?
highly contagious during the 1st and 2ndstages
what bacteria causes Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Primary stage of syphilis
○ The primary stage is characterized by a painless ulcer usually found on the tongue, lips or palate (then heals without healing) - canker - penis, vulva anus, tongue , fingers, tongue. Symptoms begin 3-4 weeks post
Secondary stage of Syphilis
○ 2ndstage may be manifested by red macules or papules on the palate - bacteria spreads in blood stream - swollen lymph nodes, 6-12 weeks, some have a canker, rash - where? Red macules or papules on the palate
latent stage of syphilis
○ Latent - recover and have no symptoms, carrier and not contagious, can last from years to decades
3rd stage of syphilis
○ 3rd stage - mild to devastating - 3 main forms, benign - of the brain, of the Heart, neruo - spinal cord.
common cancer of oral cavity
squamous cell carcinoma
oral cancer is more common in which population?
–Older than 40
–Smokers
–Leukoplakia (is hyperkeratosis, a whitish plaque or epidermal thickening of the mucosa that occurs on the buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip)
–History of alcohol abuse
Mumps:
- Mumps is a contagious disease that leads to painful swelling of the salivary glands = parotid glands - in front of the ears
how are mumps spread?
The virus is spread from person to person by respiratory droplets or by direct contact
cause of mumps
paramyxovirus
Sialadenitis
- Inflammation of the salivary glands (infectious or non-infectious)
- The parotid gland is most frequently affected
Dysphagia
•Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing
causes of dysphagia
–Neurologic causes of dysphagia include infection, stroke, brain damage, and achalasia
–Infection of the brainstem, stroke or brain damage affecting cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XII may cause dysphagia
what kind of disorders have dysphagia associated issues
ALS, MS, - A scarring, cancer, enlarged thyroid; achalasia
- Achalasia -
–Achalasia results from failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax owing to loss of innervation
how does achalasia impact consuming food?
–This leads to accumulation of food and dilation of the lower esophagus as entry of food into the stomach is delayed
what does chronic achalasia cause?
–Often chronic inflammation develops in the esophagus and reflux of this food may lead to aspiration
- Can cause lung infections
an individual who has long-term achalasia - risk of esophageal carcinoma?
yes
–Congenital atresia
–Congenital atresia is a developmental defect in which the upper and lower esophageal segments are separated, the upper section ends in a blind pouch
–Stenosis
–Stenosis or narrowing of the esophagus, usually secondary to fibrosis from chronic inflammation, radiation therapy. It may result from scar tissue formed after ingestion of corrosive chemicals
–Esophageal diverticula
–Esophageal diverticula are outpouchings of the esophageal wall that result from either congenital defects or inflammation. The accumulated food in the pouch obstructs the flow of food down the esophagus, causing inflammation and scarring
Esophageal Cancer
•Esophageal cancer is primarily squamous cell carcinoma and is most commonly found in the distal esophagus
what population has a higher likeliness of getting esophageal cancer
more men than women
complications to esophageal cancer
- Weight loss, difficult to eat or drink, coughing,
- Esophagus can erode, tracheal esophageal fistulas
•Tumors in the esophagus either form circumferential strictures or grow out into the lumen of the esophagus. Both types cause significant ____________ in the later stages
dysphagia
Esophageal Cancer - what is it’s cause associated with?
•It is associated with chronic irritation (ie. From chronic esophagitis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse and smoking)
Adenocarcinoma
In globulet cells - mucus secreting - distal portion of esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
•Part of the stomach protrudes through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
factors which contribute to hiatal hernia
•Factors contributing to hiatal hernia include shortening of the esophagus, weakness of the diaphragm or increased abdominal pressure
- Causes: genetic, pressure, strain, heavy lifting,
what are the 2 types of hiatal hernia
–Rolling or paraesophageal hernia
–Sliding hiatal hernia
•Signs and Symptoms - Hiatal Hernia
–Heartburn or pyrosis (a brief substernal burning sensation) often accompanied by a sour taste in the mouth, which occurs after meals
–This results from reflux of the gastric contents up the esophagus
–Frequent belching (gas) often accompanies this regurgitation
–Persistent, mild, substernal chest pain after meals is a frequent complaint because of inflammation or distention of the pouch
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GERD involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
treatment for hiatal hernia
- Elevating the head, losing weight, stopping smoking, eliminating acidic foods, antacids,
–Medications that neutralize stomach acid (antacids), decrease acid production (H2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors), or strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter (prokinetic agents) may be prescribed
Chronic gastritis
Chronic gastritis is characterized by atrophy of the mucosa of the stomach, with loss of the secretory glands. The loss of the parietal cells leads to achlorhydria and lack of intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12).
Acute Gastritis
•It is the acute inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach, which is often erosive and hemorrhagic
