Normal skin Flashcards by A Blake

Scalp skin

numerous follicules extending down into panniculus

sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles

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facial skin

thin epidermis with numerous dermal hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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eyelid and ear skin

many vellus hair follicles

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upper dermis of eyelid

will have skeletal mm

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conjunctival surface of eyelid

absent: stratum corneum, hair follicles
present: goblet cells

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trunk skin

very thick dermis

scattered hair follicles and sebaceous glands

fat projections extend upward to envelop adnexae

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areolar skin

slight acanthosis w/basilar hyperpigmentation

sometimes: central invagination of epidermis –> follicle & sebaceous glands

smooth mm bundles in mid-deep dermis

apocrine glands in reticular dermis

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ear skin

cartilage

vellus hairs

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acral skin

compact, eosinophilic stratum corneum

slight papillomatosis on dorsal surfaces

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Volar skin

compact, eosinophilic hyperkeratosis w/visible stratum lucidum

NO hair follicles or sebaceous glands

numerous eccrine glands

Meissner & Pacinian corpuscles

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stratum lucidum

seen in volar skin

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Pacinian corpuscles

seen in volar skin

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mucosa

absent granular layer

large, pale keratinocytes filled w/glycogen

dilated vessels in submucosa

smooth mm bundles may appear

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submucosa

may have dilated vessels, smooth mm bundles

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nasal turbinate

erectile tissue w/fibrous septa & vascular sinusoids

mucus glands

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fetal skin

densely cellular with stellate and spindled fibroblasts (mesenchyme)

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periderm

seen in fetal skin

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hair infundibulum

from epidermis down to insertion of sebaceous gland

intraepidermal portion: acrotrichium

keratinizes in pattern of normal epidermis w/granular layer (keratohyalin granules)

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transverse section of hair

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telogen hair

“flamethrower” appearance

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hair isthmus

from insertion of sebaceous gland to insertion of arrector pili

keratin formed without granular layer (trichilemmaal keratinization)

inner root sheath lost; outer root sheath develops inner corrugated, dense, pink, cornified layer w/peripheral palisading

hair stem

from insertion of arrector pili to adamson fringe

only present in anagen hairs

adamson fringe

the point above which hair cornifies

dermatophytes only infect cornified hair
above AF, huxley layer of inner RS no longer has trichohyalin granules
hair tends to retract from inner RS above AF – inner RS = fused, blue-gray; outer RS = pink cells w/peripheral palisading

hair bulb

located below stem portion of anagen follicle, from adamson fringe to base

3 zones

Matrix
Supramatrix
Keratogenous

General nail anatomy

1. Nail plate 2. Nail bed: distal edge of lunula to prox edge of onychodermal band 3. Framing portion: proximal, lateral, and distal nail folds 4. Ensheathing portion: "cuticle" (eponychium, hyponychium, solehorn, bed horny layer)

Nail cuticle

* Eponychium: visible; thick keratinous material that borders prox nail fold and adheres to nail plate * "True:" usually not visible; derived from ventral portion of prox nail fold * sometimes seen as flakes of keratinous material parallel to proximal nail fold

hyponychium

the space, epithelium, and keratinous material ventral to the nail plate

solehorn

subungual, white-to-colorless keratin extends from distal nail bed underneath onychodermal band to below the free, distal edge of nail plate

nail matrix

proximal portion --\> surface of nail plate distal portion --\> ventral nail plate

lunula

visible portion of nail matrix anchoring portion (mesenchyme)

onychokeratinization

hard keratin of nail plate no granular layer

onycholemmal keratinization

* ventral part of prox fold (+ granular layer) * bed epithelium (no granular layer)

epidermoid keratinization

* dorsal prox fold * lateral folds * hyponychium

Dermal dendrocyte

* macrophage-type cells located in dermis * Many are Factor 13a + * Some are S100 + * likely serve as APCs

Giant cell

cell w/multiple nuclei, usually abundant cytoplasm

foreign body giant cell

nuclei arranged haphazardly

langerhans giant cell

nuclei arranged in horseshoe shape

osteoclast-like giant cell

* nuclei arranged haphazardly and eccentrically * deep pink cytoplasm with scalloped border that molds to adjacent structures

touton giant cell

nuclei arranged in wreath w/peripheral foamy cytoplasm

ringed siderophage

touton giant cell w/hemosiderin characteristic of fibrous histiocytoma variant of dermatofibroma

histiocyte

* epithelioid cell w/central, round/oval nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm * most derived from monocytes * functions: phagocytosis, APC * tend to coalesce in tissue w/NO intervening connective tissue

langerhans cell

* dendritic cells in epidermis & dermis; originate in BM and function as APCs * nucleus typically eccentric and may be reniform * CD1a+, S100+, peanut agglutinin, langerin+ * contain Birbeck granules (tennis racket)

lymphocyte

* round, dark nucleus; no visible cytoplasm * B cells, T cells, NK cells

NK cells

type of lymphocyte important function in innate immune system

T cells

* mature in thymus * important in cell-mediated immunity

B cells

* produce antibodies * important in humoral immunity

Th1 cytokines

* IL-1 * IL-2 * IL-12 * IFN-y

Th2 cytokines

* IL-4 * IL-5 * IL-10

mast cell

* "fried egg:" central round nucleus and oval, bluish cytoplasm * granules: heparin, histamine, tryptase, carboxypeptidase, leukotrienes * important in immediate-type hypersensitivity