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Diagnostic Imaging > Normal Radiographic Anatomy > Flashcards

Normal Radiographic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What should be the limits of visualization of Lateral Cervical view?

A

Skull to T1

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2
Q

How can we visualise C7 on Lateral Cervical?

A
  • depress shoulders (weights)
  • spot view
  • swimmers lateral of cervicothoracic junction
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3
Q

Which is the best view of IVDs?

A

Lateral Cervical

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4
Q

How can you tell there is lateral flexion or rotation in Lateral Cervical view?

A

Lateral flexion:
• double facet joint lines

Rotation:
• double spinolaminar junction lines

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5
Q

What are the alignment and measurements of the Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • 4 lines
  • Cervical lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McGregor’s line
  • Sella turcica
  • soft tissue interspaces
  • flexion-extension views
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6
Q

What are the Lines of alignment of the Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • Anterior vertebral line
  • Posterior vertebral line (George’s)
  • Spinolaminar junction line
  • Spinous process line
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7
Q

What are the possible views for Cervical spine? Which are routine?

A
  • Ap
  • APOM
  • Lateral
  • Oblique (not routine)
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8
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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9
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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10
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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11
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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12
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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13
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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14
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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15
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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16
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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17
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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18
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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19
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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20
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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21
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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22
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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23
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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24
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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25
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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26
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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27
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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28
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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29
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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30
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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31
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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32
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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33
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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34
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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35
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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36
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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37
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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38
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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39
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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40
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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41
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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42
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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43
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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44
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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45
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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46
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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47
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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48
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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49
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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50
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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51
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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52
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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53
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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54
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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55
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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56
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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57
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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58
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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59
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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60
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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61
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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62
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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63
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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64
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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65
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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66
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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67
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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68
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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69
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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70
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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71
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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72
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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73
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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74
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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75
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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76
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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77
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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78
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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79
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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80
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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81
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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82
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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83
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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84
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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85
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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86
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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87
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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88
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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89
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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90
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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91
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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92
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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93
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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94
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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95
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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96
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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97
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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98
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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99
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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100
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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101
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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102
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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103
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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104
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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105
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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106
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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107
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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108
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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109
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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110
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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111
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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112
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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113
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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114
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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115
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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116
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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117
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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118
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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119
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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120
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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121
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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122
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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123
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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124
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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125
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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126
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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127
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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128
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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129
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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130
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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131
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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132
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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133
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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134
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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135
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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136
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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137
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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138
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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139
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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140
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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141
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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142
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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143
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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144
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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145
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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146
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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147
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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148
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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149
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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150
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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151
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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152
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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153
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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154
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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155
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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156
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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157
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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158
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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159
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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160
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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161
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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162
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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163
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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164
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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165
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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166
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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167
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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168
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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169
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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170
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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171
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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172
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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173
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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174
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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175
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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176
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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177
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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178
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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179
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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180
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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181
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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182
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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183
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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184
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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185
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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186
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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187
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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188
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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189
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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190
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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191
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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192
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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193
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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194
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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195
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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196
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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197
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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198
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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199
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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200
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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201
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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202
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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203
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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204
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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205
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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206
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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207
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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208
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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209
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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210
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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211
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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212
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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213
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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214
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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215
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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216
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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217
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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218
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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219
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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220
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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221
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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222
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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223
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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224
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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225
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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226
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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227
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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228
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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229
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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230
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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231
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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232
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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233
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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234
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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235
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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236
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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237
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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238
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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239
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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240
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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241
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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242
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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243
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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244
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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245
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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246
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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247
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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248
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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249
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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250
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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251
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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252
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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253
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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254
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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255
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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256
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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257
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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258
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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259
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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260
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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261
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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262
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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263
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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264
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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265
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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266
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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267
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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268
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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269
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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270
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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271
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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272
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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273
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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274
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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275
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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276
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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277
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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278
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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279
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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280
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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281
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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282
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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283
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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284
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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285
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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286
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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287
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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288
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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289
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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290
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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291
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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292
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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293
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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294
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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295
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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296
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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297
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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298
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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299
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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300
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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301
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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302
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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303
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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304
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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305
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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306
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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307
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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308
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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309
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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310
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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311
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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312
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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313
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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314
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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315
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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316
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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317
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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318
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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319
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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320
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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321
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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322
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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323
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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324
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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325
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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326
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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327
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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328
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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329
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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330
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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331
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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332
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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333
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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334
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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335
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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336
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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337
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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338
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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339
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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340
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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341
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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342
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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343
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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344
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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345
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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346
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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347
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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348
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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349
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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350
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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351
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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352
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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353
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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354
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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355
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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356
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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357
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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358
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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359
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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360
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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361
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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362
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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363
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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364
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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365
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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366
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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367
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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368
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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369
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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370
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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371
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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372
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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373
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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374
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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375
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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376
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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377
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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378
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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379
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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380
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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381
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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382
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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383
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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384
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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385
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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386
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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387
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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388
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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389
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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390
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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391
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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392
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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393
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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394
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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395
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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396
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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397
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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398
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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399
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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400
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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401
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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402
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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403
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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404
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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405
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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406
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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407
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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408
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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409
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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410
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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411
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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412
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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413
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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414
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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415
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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416
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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417
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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418
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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419
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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420
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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421
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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422
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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423
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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424
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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425
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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426
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
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427
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

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428
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
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429
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

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430
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

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431
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
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432
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

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433
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
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434
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

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435
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

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436
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
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437
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

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438
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
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439
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
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440
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
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441
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
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442
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

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443
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
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444
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

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445
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

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446
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
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447
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

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448
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

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449
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

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450
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

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451
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

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452
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

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453
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
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454
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

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455
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

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456
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

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457
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
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458
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

A

C1 and C2

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459
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

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460
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

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461
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

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462
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
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463
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

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464
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

A

C7 to L1

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465
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

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466
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

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467
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

A

C7 to L1

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468
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

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469
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
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470
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

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471
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

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472
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
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473
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

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474
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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475
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

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476
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

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477
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

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478
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

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479
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
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480
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
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481
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

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482
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

A

No

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483
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

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484
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

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485
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

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486
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

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487
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

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488
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

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489
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

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490
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

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491
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

A

Oblique

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492
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

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493
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

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494
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
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495
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

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496
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
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497
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
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498
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

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499
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
500
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

501
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
502
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

503
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

504
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
505
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

506
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
507
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

508
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

509
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
510
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

511
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
512
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
513
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
514
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
515
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

516
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
517
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

518
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

519
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
520
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

521
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

522
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

523
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

524
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

525
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

526
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
527
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

528
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

529
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

530
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
531
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

532
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

533
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

534
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

535
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
536
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

537
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

538
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

539
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

540
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

541
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

542
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
543
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

544
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

545
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
546
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

547
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

548
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

549
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

550
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

551
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

552
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
553
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
554
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

555
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

556
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

557
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

558
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

559
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

560
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

561
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

562
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

563
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

564
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

565
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

566
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

567
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
568
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

569
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
570
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
571
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

572
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
573
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

574
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
575
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

576
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

577
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
578
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

579
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
580
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

581
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

582
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
583
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

584
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
585
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
586
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
587
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
588
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

589
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
590
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

591
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

592
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
593
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

594
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

595
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

596
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

597
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

598
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

599
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
600
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

601
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

602
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

603
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
604
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

605
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

606
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

607
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

608
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
609
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

610
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

611
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

612
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

613
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

614
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

615
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
616
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

617
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

618
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
619
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

620
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

621
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

622
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

623
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

624
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

625
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
626
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
627
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

628
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

629
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

630
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

631
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

632
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

633
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

634
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

635
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

636
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

637
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

638
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

639
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

640
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
641
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

642
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
643
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
644
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

645
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
646
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

647
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
648
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

649
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

650
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
651
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

652
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
653
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

654
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

655
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
656
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

657
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
658
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
659
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
660
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
661
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

662
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
663
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

664
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

665
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
666
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

667
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

668
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

669
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

670
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

671
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

672
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
673
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

674
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

675
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

676
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
677
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

678
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

679
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

680
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

681
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
682
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

683
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

684
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

685
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

686
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

687
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

688
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
689
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

690
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

691
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
692
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

693
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

694
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

695
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

696
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

697
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

698
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
699
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
700
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

701
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

702
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

703
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

704
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

705
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

706
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

707
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

708
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

709
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

710
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

711
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

712
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

713
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
714
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

715
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
716
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
717
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

718
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
719
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

720
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
721
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

722
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

723
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
724
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

725
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
726
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

727
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

728
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
729
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

730
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
731
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
732
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
733
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
734
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

735
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
736
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

737
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

738
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
739
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

740
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

741
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

742
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

743
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

744
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

745
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
746
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

747
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

748
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

749
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
750
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

751
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

752
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

753
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

754
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
755
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

756
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

757
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

758
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

759
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

760
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

761
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
762
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

763
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

764
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
765
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

766
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

767
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

768
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

769
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

770
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

771
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
772
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
773
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

774
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

775
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

776
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

777
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

778
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

779
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

780
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

781
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

782
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

783
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

784
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

785
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

786
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
787
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

788
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
789
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
790
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

791
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
792
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

793
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
794
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

795
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

796
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
797
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

798
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
799
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

800
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

801
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
802
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

803
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
804
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
805
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
806
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
807
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

808
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
809
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

810
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

811
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
812
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

813
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

814
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

815
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

816
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

817
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

818
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
819
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

820
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

821
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

822
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
823
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

824
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

825
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

826
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

827
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
828
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

829
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

830
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

831
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

832
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

833
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

834
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
835
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

836
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

837
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
838
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

839
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

840
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

841
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

842
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

843
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

844
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
845
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
846
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

847
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

848
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

849
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

850
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

851
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

852
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

853
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

854
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

855
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

856
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

857
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

858
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

859
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
860
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

861
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
862
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
863
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

864
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
865
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

866
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
867
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

868
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

869
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
870
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

871
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
872
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

873
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

874
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
875
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

876
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
877
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
878
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
879
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
880
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

881
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
882
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

883
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

884
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
885
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

886
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

887
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

888
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

889
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

890
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

891
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
892
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

893
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

894
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

895
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
896
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

897
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

898
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

899
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

900
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
901
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

902
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

903
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

904
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

905
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

906
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

907
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
908
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

909
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

910
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
911
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

912
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

913
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

914
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

915
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

916
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

917
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
918
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
919
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

920
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

921
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

922
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

923
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

924
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

925
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

926
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

927
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

928
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

929
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

930
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

931
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

932
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
933
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

934
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
935
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
936
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

937
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
938
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

939
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
940
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

941
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

942
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
943
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

944
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
945
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

946
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

947
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
948
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

949
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
950
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
951
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
952
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
953
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

954
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
955
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

956
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

957
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
958
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

959
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

960
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

961
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

962
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

963
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

964
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
965
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

966
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

967
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

968
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
969
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

970
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

971
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

972
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

973
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
974
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

975
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

976
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

977
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

978
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

979
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

980
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
981
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

982
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

983
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
984
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

985
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

986
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

987
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

988
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

989
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

990
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
991
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
992
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

993
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

994
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

995
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

996
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

997
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

998
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

999
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

1000
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

1001
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

1002
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

1003
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

1004
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

1005
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
1006
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

1007
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
1008
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
1009
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

1010
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
1011
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

1012
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
1013
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

1014
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

1015
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
1016
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

1017
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
1018
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

1019
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

1020
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
1021
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

1022
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
1023
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
1024
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
1025
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
1026
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

1027
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
1028
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

1029
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

1030
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1031
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1032
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1033
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1034
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1035
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1036
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1037
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1038
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1039
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1040
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1041
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1042
Q

What are the borders in APOM Cervical?

1043
Q

What is the mach effect?

A

Relative lucency between 2 overlapping structures may simulate a fracture

1044
Q

What is the difference between normal and abnormal atlantoaxial alignment on APOM Cervical view?

A

Abnormal: overhang of lateral mas along with over 5 degrees lateral tilt indicate possibility of odontoid fracture

Normal: kids 4 yr old have normal overhang of atlas

1045
Q

Which Cervical view is best for observing IVFs?

A

Oblique cervical

1046
Q

What Oblique positions are the same to each other?

A 
LAO = RPO
RAO = LPO
1047
Q

Is there an Oblique thoracic view?

A

Nope

Just AP and lateral

1048
Q

What are the borders of AP thoracic?

1049
Q

What is Cobb angle?

A

Angle that measures curve of a spine

Trace 2 lines on the vertebral body that would cross each other eventually

1050
Q

How do we assess vertebra rotation?

A

Look at pedicles NOT spinous processes

Distance from the midline

1051
Q

What are the borders of a Lateral Thoracic view?

1052
Q

How can we best visualize T1-3?

A

Swimmers lateral

1053
Q

What are the guidelines for counting vertebrae on a Lateral Thoracic?

A
  • use landmarks from AP view
  • DONT use diaphragm
  • see if last vertebra has a rib, if so we assume it is T12
1054
Q

What is the normal thoracic kyphosis curve value?

A

20-40 degree

1055
Q

What are the borders of an AP Lumbar view?

A

T12 to upper sacrum, including SIJs

1056
Q

What is the pars interarticularis and where do we find them in the spine?

A
  • Only in lumbar spine
  • not an anatomical structure
  • named and identified because common area of fracture
1057
Q

What are the borders of Lateral Lumbar view?

A

-T12 to upper sacrum

1058
Q

Which is the best view for visualizing IVD spaces in lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

1059
Q

What is the best view for seeing the IVFs of lumbar spine?

A

Lateral lumbar

1060
Q

List the alignments and measurements of the lateral lumbar spine

A

1) Georgés line
2) Lordosis
3) Sacral base angle
4) Lumbosacral base angle
5) IVD angle
6) Lumbar gravity line
7) Eisenstein’s measurement

1061
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Line tracing posterior vertebral bodies and then into the sacral canal

1062
Q

What is a normal value of Lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

1063
Q

What is the sacral base angle?

A
  • 1 line tracing top of sacral body
  • 1 line horizontal to ground
  • angle btw them
1064
Q

What is a normal Sacral base angle? And what is abnormal?

A
  • 26 to 57 degrees
  • average of 41 degrees
  • increased means increase anterior pelvic tilt
1065
Q

What is the Lumbosacral disc angle? And what happens when it’s abnormal?

A

10-15 degrees

Increased =facet impaction = LBP

1066
Q

Is lumbosacral disc angle related to spondylolisthesis?

1067
Q

What is the IVDs angles?

A

Lines following top and bottom of vertebral bodies

Can be done at all levels

1068
Q

What are normal values of IVDs angles?

A

L1 : 8 degrees

L4 : 14 degrees

1069
Q

What is the lumbar gravity line?

A

-Line from centre of L3 vertebral body toward straight vertical gravity

1070
Q

What are abnormal measures of lumbar gravity line?

A
  • anterior to sacrum by over 1cm

- posterior shift

1071
Q

What is Eisensteins method measurement on lumbar lateral view?

A

Measures width of sacral canal

1072
Q

What are abnormal Eisensteins measures?

A

Under 15mm

1073
Q

When do we do an Oblique Lumbar view?

A

Suspect a pars fracture

1074
Q

How do we orient ourselves in oblique lumbar?

A

Draw line behind all vertebral bodies

All to the left is left and so on

1075
Q

Which lumbar is the best view for observing the facet joints?

1076
Q

What are the borders for AP LUMBOPELVIC.

A

T12 to proximal femur including ilium

1077
Q

What is a Phlebolith?

A

Small rounded calcification of a vein

1078
Q

What alignments do we see on AP lumbopelvic?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Femoral head height
  • Hip alignment
1079
Q

What are the Coccyx anomalies?

A

• 1: curved slightly
anteriorly
• 2: curved more anteriorly, coccyx pointing straight forward
• 3: angulated sharply anterior
• 4: subluxated at sacrococcygeal/intercoccygeal joints

1080
Q

List the alignments on AP shoulder with their normal values

A
  • GH joint space (4-5mm)
  • Acromiohumeral space (7-11mm)
  • AC joint space (2-4mm)
  • Coracoclavicular space (11-13mm)
1081
Q

List the shoulders views

A
  • AP external rotation shoulder
  • AP internal rotation shoulder
  • AP neutral rotation shoulder
  • Scapular Y
  • Transthoracic lateral
  • Axial
1082
Q

What is the goal of a Scapular Y view?

A

Lateral view of the scapula

-NOT to assess GH or AC joint

1083
Q

Why do a transthoracic lateral view?

A
  • true lateral view of humerus
  • trauma (pt cant rotate arm safely)
  • just looking for major defects or trauma
1084
Q

List the elbow epiphyses in order of appearance

A
  • Capitulum (1 yr)
  • Radial head (5 yrs)
  • medial epicondyle (7yrs)
  • Trochlea (10 yrs)
  • Olecranon (10 yrs)
  • lateral epicondyle (11 yrs)

(CRITOE)

1085
Q

What is the Fat pad sign?

A
  • fat pad is lucent
  • normally so close to bone its not visible
  • indicates intra-articular swelling, probably fracture
1086
Q

List the alignments on lateral elbow view

A
  • radiocapitellar line

- humerocapitellar line

1087
Q

Which wrist-view has a view of lateral thumb?

A

PA wrist and hand

1088
Q

List the alignments to observe in wrist and hand views

A
  • Radioulnar alignment
  • carpal arcs
  • metacarpals and phalanges
1089
Q

Which view is best for observing the base of the thumb?

A

oblique wrist and hand

1090
Q

List the alignments to observe in an AP hip

A
  • Shentons line (under)
  • Iliofemoral line (over)

(Of femoral neck)

  • anterior acetabular wall
  • posterior acetabular wall
  • acetabular roof
  • iliopectineal line
  • ilioischial line
  • kohler’s tear drop
  • Klein’s line
  • hip femoral angle
  • fempral neck margin
  • teardrop distnce
1091
Q

What is coxa vara? Vs coxa valga?

A

Vara: femoral angle <120 degrees

Valga: femoral angle >135 degrees

1092
Q

What is Teardrop distance? What’s its normal value?

A

Distance btw inner femoral head and Kohler’s teardrop

Normal 6-11mm and <2mm difference bilaterally

1093
Q

What is the Ilioischial line?

A
  • Kohler’s line
  • line taken tangentially btw outer pelvic inlet and outer obturator foramen
  • acetabular floor and femoral head should not cross this line
1094
Q

What is Coxa Profunda?

A
  • acetabular floor crosses ilioischilal line

- possible femoroacetabular impingement

1095
Q

What is Protrusio acetabuli?

A
  • femoral head crosses ilioischial line
  • possible femoroacetabular impingement (minor displacement)
  • Paget’s, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dysplasias
1096
Q

What is the patella position measurement?

A
  • length of patella from posterior superior corner to inferior anterior corner
  • should be equal to length of patella tendon from inferior patella to tibial tuberosity
  • patella alta
1097
Q

What is patella alta?

A

• patella tendon longer than patella

  • chondromalacia patela
  • swelling
1098
Q

List the views of the knee?

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Sunrise/skyline
  • Intercondylar (tunnel)
1099
Q

Which knee view is best to see loose bodies?

A

Intercondylar (tunnel) view

1100
Q

What is Boehler’s angle? What are normal values?

A
  • on lateral ankle view
  • angle of intersection btw lines connecting the 3 highest points on the calcaneus
  • 25-40 degrees
  • calcaneus fracture if < 25 degrees
1101
Q

Which ankle view is best to view the tib-fib interspace?

A

Medial oblique ankle

1102
Q

What is the bet view to observe the lateral aspect of the metatarsals?

A

Medial oblique foot

1103
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1104
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1105
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1106
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1107
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1108
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1109
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1110
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1111
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1112
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1113
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1114
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1115
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1116
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1117
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1118
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1119
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1120
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1121
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1122
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1123
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1124
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1125
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1126
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1127
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1128
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1129
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1130
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1131
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1132
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1133
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1134
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1135
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1136
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1137
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1138
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1139
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1140
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1141
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1142
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1143
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1144
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1145
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1146
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1147
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1148
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1149
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1150
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1151
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1152
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1153
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1154
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1155
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1156
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1157
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1158
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1159
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1160
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1161
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1162
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1163
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1164
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1165
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1166
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1167
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1168
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1169
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1170
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1171
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1172
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1173
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1174
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1175
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1176
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1177
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1178
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1179
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1180
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1181
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1182
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1183
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1184
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1185
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1186
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1187
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1188
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1189
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1190
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1191
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1192
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1193
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1194
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1195
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1196
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1197
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1198
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1199
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1200
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1201
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1202
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1203
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1204
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1205
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1206
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1207
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1208
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1209
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1210
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1211
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1212
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1213
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1214
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1215
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1216
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1217
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1218
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1219
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1220
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1221
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1222
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1223
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1224
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1225
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1226
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1227
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1228
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1229
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1230
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1231
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1232
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1233
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1234
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1235
Q

What are the possible Alignments and Measurements of Lateral Cervical view?

A
  • General skeletal architecture
  • Lines (4)
  • Lordosis
  • Atlantodental interspace
  • McG
1236
Q

What are the norma values of cervical lordosis angle?

A

35-45 degrees

1237
Q

What are the normal values for atlantodental interspace?

A

Adults: under 3mm
Kids: under 5mm

1238
Q

What is George’s line?

A

Posterior vertebral line

1239
Q

What is McGregor’s line?

A
  • line from post.sup. hard palate to inf. surface of occiput

* checks odontoid protrusion into foramen magnum

1240
Q

What are the normal values of McGregor’s line?

A

Odontoid cannot project over 4.5mm above the line

1241
Q

What is the normal size of the Sella Turcica? And what is an abnormal size?

A

Normal: 5-16mm long and 4-12mm high

Small is nbd

Larger is problem

1242
Q

Why do a Flexion-Extension view?

A
  • assess intersegmental motion and ligamentous stability
  • only do if suspecting instability
  • look at changes in ADI
1243
Q

List the prevertebral spaces in a lateral cervical view

A
  • Retropharyngeal interspace

* Retrotracheal interspace

1244
Q

What are the normal values of Retropharyngeal interspace and Retrotracheal interspace? What is an abnormal value?

A

Pharyngeal: under 7mm

Tracheal: under 21mm

Increased is athological

1245
Q

What are the borders on the AP Cervical view?

A

C3 to T2-3

1246
Q

On an AP Cervical, how can you tell the difference btw T1 and C7?

A
  • ribs
  • TVPs of T1 point superior
  • TVPs of C7 point inferior
1247
Q

What could cause a disrupted Anterior Vertebral Body line?

A 
• Fracture 
• Dislocation 
• Ligamentous laxity
(anterolisthesis/retrolisthesis) 
• Degeneration (osteophytes) 
• Vertebral body destruction (infection, tumour) 
• Vertebral body expansion

Diagnostic Imaging (4 decks)

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