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SBM hematology > normal lymphopoiesis > Flashcards

normal lymphopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

lymphocytes evolve from….

A

pluripotent stem cells

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2
Q

B lymphocyte do what?

A
  • humoral immune system

- make antibodies

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3
Q

two types of T cells

A
  • cytotoxic

- helper/suppressor

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4
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • direct killing
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5
Q

what do helper/suppressor T cells do?

A
  • fine tuning via cell-cell interaction and secretion of cytokines
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6
Q

what are the primary lymphoid tissues and what is found there?

A
  • bone marrow - B cells

- thymus - T cells

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7
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues and what is found there?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue) lining respiratory and GI tracts
  • antigen driven differentiation and replication into committed effector cells
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8
Q

explain lymphoid variation

A

in the cortex of the lymph node, primary lymphoid follicles can change to secondary lymphoid follicles with germinal centers under immune stimulation

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9
Q

in what part of the lymph node do B cells reside?

A

primary and secondary follicles of the cortex

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10
Q

in what part of the lymph node to T cells reside

A

paracortex

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11
Q

in what part of the lymph node do plasma cells reside?

A

medulla, release immunoglobulins into the efferent limb

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12
Q

what are the three parts of the splenic follicle from outside to inside?

A

marginal zone
mantle zone
germinal center

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13
Q

what B cell stages of development happen in the bone marrow?

A

pluripotent stem cell -> B cell progenitor -> pro B cell -> pre B cell

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14
Q

what B cell stages happen in the peripheral blood/secondary lymph tissues?

A

naive mature B cell -> antigen activated B cell -> plasma/memory cells

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15
Q

what is the ratio of B cell light chain proteins

A

2:1, kappa:lambda

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16
Q

when is a B cell mature?

A

in bone marrow once it can express IgM and IgD along with the B cell receptor complex

17
Q

surface antigens in early B cell development

A 
CD79
Bruton tyrosine kinase
CD10
CD20
CD22
TdT
18
Q

what happens to mature B cells in the germinal center?

A

somatic hypermutation (SHM) - an error prone proliferation ending in high affinity antibody producing B cells

class switching

19
Q

what antigens are expressed by plasma cells

A

CD38+ and CD138+

20
Q

what happens to activated B cells that do not interact with T cells?

A

become short-lived plasma cells and secrete IgM

21
Q

what does a memory cell do and how long does it live

A
  • makes specific plasma cells faster than simply an activated B cell
  • years to decades
22
Q

percentages of T cell receptors (TCRs) in T cells

A
  • > 95% have alpha/beta TCR (TCR2)

- rest have gamma/delta TCR (TCR1)

23
Q

cytotoxic T cells express…

A

CD8

24
Q

helper T cells express….

A

CD4

25
Q

differential diagnosis for adenopathy

A 
Infections
Reactive hyperplasias
Sarcoidosis
Connective Tissue Disorders
Metastatic tumors
Malignant lymphomas
26
Q

3 examples of non-malignant lymph node pathology

A
  • follicular hyperplasia
  • interfollicular hyperplasia
  • sinus histiocytosis
27
Q

what happens in follicular hyperplasia?

A
  • increase in number and size of germinal centers, spread into paracortex, medullary areas
  • “typical” for bacterial infections
28
Q

what happens in inter follicular hyperplasia?

A
  • expansion of paracortex

- “typical” for viral infections

29
Q

what happens in sinus histiocytosis?

A
  • expansion of the medullary sinus histiocytes

- occurs with adjacent cancer or with tattoos

30
Q

histology of reactive follicular hyperplasia in bacterial infections

A
  • caseating = necrotizing

- caveating or non-caseating granulomas

31
Q

characteristics of cells in a malignant lymphoma

A
  • derived from a single mutated cell

- cells have lost ability to differentiate to the full range, frozen at an early stage

32
Q

human B cell malignancies at their locations

A

marrow - ALL

blood - CLL

post germinal center - MM (multiple myeloma), MZL (marginal zone lymphoma), HCL (hairy cell leukemia), PL (plasmablastic lymphoma), WM (waldenstrom macroglobulinemia)

germinal center - FL (follicular lymphoma), DLBCL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), BL (burkitt lymphoma), HL (hodgkin lymphoma)

primary follicle - SLL (small lymphocytic lymphoma), MCL (mantle cell lymphoma)

33
Q

lymphomas are categorized as either….

A

hodgkins or non-hodgkins

34
Q

characteristics of classic hodgkins lymphoma

A
  • Nodular sclerosing
  • Lymphocyte predominant
  • Mixed Cellularity
  • Lymphocyte depleted
35
Q

non-hodgkins categorized as either….

A

B cell or T/NK cell

SBM hematology (14 decks)

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