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Normal Abdominal Structures > normal kidney > Flashcards

normal kidney Flashcards

1
Q

what anatomical structures are a part of the urinary system?

A

two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

what is considered the upper urinary tract?

A

the kidneys and ureters

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3
Q

what is considered the lower urinary tract?

A

the bladder and urethra

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4
Q

what kind of structure are the kidneys considered?

A

retroperitoneal

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5
Q

where are the kidneys located? what shape are they?

A

the kidneys are located beneath the ribs and are bean shaped.

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6
Q

what are the anatomical structures that are anterior to the rt kidney?

A

adrenal gland, liver, duodenum, and small bowel

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7
Q

what are the anatomical structures that are anterior to the lt kidney?

A

adrenal gland, spleen, small bowel, and stomach

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8
Q

list 4 muscles posterior to the kidneys

A

the diaphragm, the psoas muscle, transverse muscle, and quadratus lumborum

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9
Q

the cortex of the kidney is what in comparison to the liver?

A

isoechoic

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10
Q

list the structures present at the hilum from anterior to posterior

A

renal vein, renal artery, ureter

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11
Q

what is the size of a normal kidney?

A

9 to 12cm

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12
Q

what layer of covering is closest to the kidneys?

A

fibrous capsule

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13
Q

what is second layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys?

A

perirenal fat that surrounds the kidney and renal sinus

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14
Q

what is the third layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys?

A

the renal fascia (Gerota’s fascia) that surrounds the kidney and perirenal fat.

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15
Q

what is the fourth layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys? (most distal from kidney)

A

the fourth and final layer is another layer of perirenal fat.

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16
Q

what are the two areas of the kidney?

A

the renal parenchyma and renal sinus

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17
Q

what are the two areas of the renal parenchyma?

A

cortex and medulla

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18
Q

what are the triangular structures that are housed in the medulla and extends from the cortex to the sinus?

A

medullary pyramids are the triangular structures that are located within the medulla and extend from the cortex to the sinus.

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19
Q

what are the columns of Bertin?

A

bands of tissue that separate medullary pyramids from each other.

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20
Q

what is housed in the renal sinus?

A

indundibulum, renal artery, renal vein, fibrous tissues, lymphatics, and fat

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21
Q

define infundibulum

A

the collecting system that recieves urine from the cortex.

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22
Q

what does the infundibulum contain?

A

minor and major clayces

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23
Q

where is the renal artery located?

A

in the hilum of the kidney

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24
Q

what is the function of the ureters?

A

to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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25
Q

how is urine pushed through the ureters?

A

urine is pushed through the ureters by ureteral peristalisis, which is a series of compressive zones, corresponding to waves of active muscular contraction, that move near-constant speed along the ureter towards the bladder

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26
Q

where does the ureter enter the bladder?

A

the lateral sides of the bladder

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27
Q

what is the inferior portion of the bladder called

A

trigone area

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28
Q

what does the trigone area connect to

A

pelvic floor muscles

29
Q

which part of the bladder is covered by peritoneum

A

the superior portion of the bladder

30
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

to allow urine to exit the body

31
Q

what is the urethra length in males?

A

20cm

32
Q

what is the urethra length in females?

A

3.5cm

33
Q

what is the blood flow to the kidneys?

A

blood enters the kidney through the renal artery that divides into segmental arteries. those segmental arteries branch into the interlobar arteries that move across the sides of the pyramids. the interlobar arteries arc over the base of the pyramid to form arcuate arteries that branch into interlobular arteries. interlobular arteries enter into the afferent arterioles called “Bowman’s Capsule” within the renal glomeruli. blood then leaves the glomeruli throught the efferent arterioles that subdivide into a network of capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules and eventually unite as veins. interlobular veins carry blood out to arcuate veins. arcuate veins carry blood into interlobar veins and out to the segments and into the main renal vein.

34
Q

what is the primary function of the kidney?

A

to remove waste from the body and the blood.

35
Q

what are filtering waste products?

A

water, carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid, and creatinine

36
Q

the kidneys help…

A

maintain blood pressure by regulating fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

37
Q

what are the byproducts that are returned to the bloodstream?

A

glucose, amino acids, and a large amount of water is returned to the bloodstream.

38
Q

what two hormones regulate kidney function?

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

39
Q

what is the functioning unit of the kidney called?

A

nephron

40
Q

what are the two parts of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

41
Q

where is blood filtered?

A

renal corpuscle

42
Q

what happens to waste products after they are collected?

A

they pass into collecting ducts as urine

43
Q

what happens to substances that the body needs?

A

returned to the blood

44
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

a network of capillaries called the glomerulus

45
Q

what surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

46
Q

what artery supplies the glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

47
Q

what artery leaves the glomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

48
Q

where does filtered blood go?

A

into the glomerulus for filtration via the afferent and efferent arterioles

49
Q

where do waste products go?

A

into the urine to exit the body through the urethra

50
Q

what is the renal tubule composed of?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and the dital convoluted tubule

51
Q

what structures are located in the renal cortex?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule

52
Q

what structure is located in the medulla

A

the loops of henle

53
Q

what produces creatinine?

A

muscles create a protein waste called creatinine

54
Q

why is creatine a good indicator of renal function?

A

the rate of creatinine production is relatively constant, so this is a good indicator of proper renal function.

55
Q

what produces BUN?

A

BUN is the primary waste product of hepatic metabolism of protein

56
Q

what are other processes that can cause a distruption in BUN levels?

A

elevated levels of BUN: High protein diet, GI bleed, CHF, shock, starvationdecreased levels of BUN: overhydration, pregnancy, smoking, and decreased protein intake

57
Q

what is a urinalysis?

A

analysis of urine as an acid in the diagnosis of a disease.

58
Q

what is urine pH?

A

number of hydrogen ions

59
Q

what would make urine acidic?

A

increased hydrogen ions

60
Q

what could be a result of acidic urine?

A

renal calculi

61
Q

what would make urine alkaline?

A

decreased hydrogen ions

62
Q

what could be a result of alkaline urine?

A

chronic renal failure

63
Q

what is specific gravity?

A

measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine

64
Q

what is a low specific gravity?

A

all water; little waste products

65
Q

what is associated with a low specific gravity?

A

renal failure and pyelonephritis that causes tubular damage

66
Q

what is hematuria?

A

blood in urine

67
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

destruction of the erythrocytes that can cause acute renal failure

68
Q

what does it mean when there is protein in the urine?

A

glomerular damage in the filtering the protein (neoplasms, stones, infection)

69
Q

list the indications for performing a kidney ultrasound

A
  • UTI- palpable mass- elevated creatinine and BUN levels- flank pain- hematuria- decreased urine output- assessment of enlarged or small kidney- trauma- assessment of non-visualization of kidney in IVP

Normal Abdominal Structures (4 decks)

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