normal kidney

Question 1

what anatomical structures are a part of the urinary system?

Answer 1

two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra

Question 2

what is considered the upper urinary tract?

Answer 2

the kidneys and ureters

Question 3

what is considered the lower urinary tract?

Answer 3

the bladder and urethra

Question 4

what kind of structure are the kidneys considered?

Answer 4

retroperitoneal

Question 5

where are the kidneys located? what shape are they?

Answer 5

the kidneys are located beneath the ribs and are bean shaped.

Question 6

what are the anatomical structures that are anterior to the rt kidney?

Answer 6

adrenal gland, liver, duodenum, and small bowel

Question 7

what are the anatomical structures that are anterior to the lt kidney?

Answer 7

adrenal gland, spleen, small bowel, and stomach

Question 8

list 4 muscles posterior to the kidneys

Answer 8

the diaphragm, the psoas muscle, transverse muscle, and quadratus lumborum

Question 9

the cortex of the kidney is what in comparison to the liver?

Answer 9

isoechoic

Question 10

list the structures present at the hilum from anterior to posterior

Answer 10

renal vein, renal artery, ureter

Question 11

what is the size of a normal kidney?

Answer 11

9 to 12cm

Question 12

what layer of covering is closest to the kidneys?

Answer 12

fibrous capsule

Question 13

what is second layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys?

Answer 13

perirenal fat that surrounds the kidney and renal sinus

Question 14

what is the third layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys?

Answer 14

the renal fascia (Gerota’s fascia) that surrounds the kidney and perirenal fat.

Question 15

what is the fourth layer of covering that is closest to the kidneys? (most distal from kidney)

Answer 15

the fourth and final layer is another layer of perirenal fat.

Question 16

what are the two areas of the kidney?

Answer 16

the renal parenchyma and renal sinus

Question 17

what are the two areas of the renal parenchyma?

Answer 17

cortex and medulla

Question 18

what are the triangular structures that are housed in the medulla and extends from the cortex to the sinus?

Answer 18

medullary pyramids are the triangular structures that are located within the medulla and extend from the cortex to the sinus.

Question 19

what are the columns of Bertin?

Answer 19

bands of tissue that separate medullary pyramids from each other.

Question 20

what is housed in the renal sinus?

Answer 20

indundibulum, renal artery, renal vein, fibrous tissues, lymphatics, and fat

Question 21

define infundibulum

Answer 21

the collecting system that recieves urine from the cortex.

Question 22

what does the infundibulum contain?

Answer 22

minor and major clayces

Question 23

where is the renal artery located?

Answer 23

in the hilum of the kidney

Question 24

what is the function of the ureters?

Answer 24

to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 25

how is urine pushed through the ureters?

Answer 25

urine is pushed through the ureters by ureteral peristalisis, which is a series of compressive zones, corresponding to waves of active muscular contraction, that move near-constant speed along the ureter towards the bladder

Question 26

where does the ureter enter the bladder?

Answer 26

the lateral sides of the bladder

Question 27

what is the inferior portion of the bladder called

Answer 27

trigone area

Question 28

what does the trigone area connect to

Answer 28

pelvic floor muscles

Question 29

which part of the bladder is covered by peritoneum

Answer 29

the superior portion of the bladder

Question 30

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 30

to allow urine to exit the body

Question 31

what is the urethra length in males?

Answer 31

20cm

Question 32

what is the urethra length in females?

Answer 32

3.5cm

Question 33

what is the blood flow to the kidneys?

Answer 33

blood enters the kidney through the renal artery that divides into segmental arteries. those segmental arteries branch into the interlobar arteries that move across the sides of the pyramids. the interlobar arteries arc over the base of the pyramid to form arcuate arteries that branch into interlobular arteries. interlobular arteries enter into the afferent arterioles called "Bowman's Capsule" within the renal glomeruli. blood then leaves the glomeruli throught the efferent arterioles that subdivide into a network of capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules and eventually unite as veins. interlobular veins carry blood out to arcuate veins. arcuate veins carry blood into interlobar veins and out to the segments and into the main renal vein.

Question 34

what is the primary function of the kidney?

Answer 34

to remove waste from the body and the blood.

Question 35

what are filtering waste products?

Answer 35

water, carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Question 36

the kidneys help...

Answer 36

maintain blood pressure by regulating fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Question 37

what are the byproducts that are returned to the bloodstream?

Answer 37

glucose, amino acids, and a large amount of water is returned to the bloodstream.

Question 38

what two hormones regulate kidney function?

Answer 38

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 39

what is the functioning unit of the kidney called?

Answer 39

nephron

Question 40

what are the two parts of a nephron

Answer 40

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 41

where is blood filtered?

Answer 41

renal corpuscle

Question 42

what happens to waste products after they are collected?

Answer 42

they pass into collecting ducts as urine

Question 43

what happens to substances that the body needs?

Answer 43

returned to the blood

Question 44

what is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 44

a network of capillaries called the glomerulus

Question 45

what surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 45

Bowman's capsule

Question 46

what artery supplies the glomerulus?

Answer 46

afferent arteriole

Question 47

what artery leaves the glomerulus?

Answer 47

efferent arteriole

Question 48

where does filtered blood go?

Answer 48

into the glomerulus for filtration via the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 49

where do waste products go?

Answer 49

into the urine to exit the body through the urethra

Question 50

what is the renal tubule composed of?

Answer 50

the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and the dital convoluted tubule

Question 51

what structures are located in the renal cortex?

Answer 51

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule

Question 52

what structure is located in the medulla

Answer 52

the loops of henle

Question 53

what produces creatinine?

Answer 53

muscles create a protein waste called creatinine

Question 54

why is creatine a good indicator of renal function?

Answer 54

the rate of creatinine production is relatively constant, so this is a good indicator of proper renal function.

Question 55

what produces BUN?

Answer 55

BUN is the primary waste product of hepatic metabolism of protein

Question 56

what are other processes that can cause a distruption in BUN levels?

Answer 56

elevated levels of BUN: High protein diet, GI bleed, CHF, shock, starvationdecreased levels of BUN: overhydration, pregnancy, smoking, and decreased protein intake

Question 57

what is a urinalysis?

Answer 57

analysis of urine as an acid in the diagnosis of a disease.

Question 58

what is urine pH?

Answer 58

number of hydrogen ions

Question 59

what would make urine acidic?

Answer 59

increased hydrogen ions

Question 60

what could be a result of acidic urine?

Answer 60

renal calculi

Question 61

what would make urine alkaline?

Answer 61

decreased hydrogen ions

Question 62

what could be a result of alkaline urine?

Answer 62

chronic renal failure

Question 63

what is specific gravity?

Answer 63

measurement of the kidney's ability to concentrate urine

Question 64

what is a low specific gravity?

Answer 64

all water; little waste products

Question 65

what is associated with a low specific gravity?

Answer 65

renal failure and pyelonephritis that causes tubular damage

Question 66

what is hematuria?

Answer 66

blood in urine

Question 67

what is hemoglobin?

Answer 67

destruction of the erythrocytes that can cause acute renal failure

Question 68

what does it mean when there is protein in the urine?

Answer 68

glomerular damage in the filtering the protein (neoplasms, stones, infection)

Question 69

list the indications for performing a kidney ultrasound

Answer 69

- UTI- palpable mass- elevated creatinine and BUN levels- flank pain- hematuria- decreased urine output- assessment of enlarged or small kidney- trauma- assessment of non-visualization of kidney in IVP