Normal eye anatomy and Aqueuous humor pathway

Question 1

tunics of the eye?

Answer 1

1. retina (inner)
2. uvea or vascular (middle)
3. fibrous tunic (outer)

Question 2

eye segments

Answer 2

anterior and posterior (vitreous chamber) segment

Question 3

posterior eye segment

Answer 3

vitreous chamber

Question 4

anterior eye segment is divided to

Answer 4

anterior and posterior chamber

Question 5

fibrous tunic is divided to

Answer 5

sclera and cornea

Question 6

uvea tonic is divided to

Answer 6

iris - ciliary body - choroid

Question 7

retina is divided to

Answer 7

pigmented layer and neural layer

Question 8

vascular arcades of retina

Answer 8

retinal artery

retinal vein

Question 9

retinal - in the central of macula ?

Answer 9

Fovea

Question 10

vessels that perforate into eye with optic nerve

Answer 10

central retinal vein

central retinal artery

Question 11

The central retinal artery branches off the

Answer 11

ophthalmic artery (from internal carotid artery)

Question 12

ciliary muscle contraction - receptors

Answer 12

M3

Question 13

ciliary epithelium - function (and control by)

Answer 13

nonpigmented epithelium of ciliary –> body produces aqueous humor (decreases by β-blocker, α2-agonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)

Question 14

dilator muscle of iris - receptor

Answer 14

a1

Question 15

splinter muscle of iris- receptor

Answer 15

M3

Question 16

trabecular meshwork function

Answer 16

collects aqueous honor that flows through anterior chamber –> canal of Schlemm

Question 17

ciliary muscle function

Answer 17

control accommodation

Question 18

vision accommodation (adaptaing to short range focus) mechanism

Answer 18

ciliary muscle contraction –> releases the tension (relaxation) on the lens caused by the zonular fibers –> lens becomes more spherical –> adapts to short range focus.

Question 19

aqueous humor outflow

Answer 19

• Trabecular flow (90%) –> drainage through trabecular meshwork –> Canal of Schlemm –> episcleral vasculature
• Uveoscleral outflow (10%) –> drainage into uvea and sclera

Question 20

α1 - agonists effect on aqueous humor

Answer 20

decrease aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction

Question 21

β - blockers effect on aqueous humor

Answer 21

decrease humor synthesis (ciliary epithelium has β receptors)

Question 22

acetazolamide effect on aqueous humor

Answer 22

decrease humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

Question 23

prostagladin effect on aqueous humor

Answer 23

increase uveoscleral outflow

Question 24

Ophthalmoscopy (funduscopy) - how to identify left and right eye

Answer 24

the macula is in the center of the image, and the optic disk is located towards the nose