glaucoma drugs

Question 1

glaucoma drugs - classes

Answer 1

1. α-agonists 2. β-blockers 3. diuretics

4. cholinomimetics 5. Prostagladin

Question 2

glaucoma drugs - α agonists - drugs (and receptors)

Answer 2

epinephrine (α1)

Brimonidine (α2)

Question 3

glaucoma drugs - α1-agonists - do not use in (and why)

Answer 3

in closed - angle glaucoma

Mydriasis

Question 4

glaucoma drugs - α-agonists - side effects

Answer 4

1. Mydriasis (α1 epinephrine) 2. Blurry vision 3. ocular hyperemia
2. foreign body sensation 5. ocular pruritus
3. ocular allergic reaction

Question 5

glaucoma drugs - α-agonists - action on glaucoma

Answer 5

α2 –> decrease aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body
α1 –> vasoconstriction –> decrease aqueous humor synthesis

Question 6

glaucoma drugs - β-blockers - action on glaucoma

Answer 6

decrease aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body

Question 7

glaucoma drugs - β-blockers - side effects

Answer 7

no papillary or vision changes

Question 8

glaucoma drugs - β-blockers - drugs

Answer 8

1. timolol
2. betaxolol
3. carteolol

Question 9

glaucoma drugs - diuretics drug

Answer 9

acetazolamide

Question 10

glaucoma drugs - acetazolamide mechanism of action

Answer 10

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor –> decreases aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body

Question 11

glaucoma drugs - acetazolamide side effects

Answer 11

no papillary or vision changes

Question 12

glaucoma drugs - prostagladin (PGF2a) - drugs

Answer 12

1. Bimatoprost

2. latanoprost

Question 13

PGF2a drug for glaucoma - mechanism of action

Answer 13

increases outflow of aqueous humor through the Uveoscleral outflow

Question 14

glaucoma drugs - PGF2a - side effect

Answer 14

1. Darkness of color of iris (browning)

2. eyelash growth

Question 15

glaucoma drugs - cholinomimetics are divided to (and which drugs)

Answer 15

direct –> a. pilocarpine b. carbachol

indirect –> a. physostigmine c. echothiophate

Question 16

glaucoma drugs - cholinomimetics side effects

Answer 16

1. Miosis

2. cyclospasm

Question 17

cyclospasm?

Answer 17

contraction of cilliary muscle

Question 18

glaucoma drugs - cholinomimetics action on glaucoma

Answer 18

increase outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork (M3)

Question 19

glaucoma - in emergencies - drug? (and why)

Answer 19

pilocarpine

very effective at opening meshwork into canal Schlemm

Question 20

glaucoma - drugs that decrease aqueous humor synthesis

Answer 20

1. α - agonists
2. β - blockers
3. acetazolamide

Question 21

glaucoma - drugs that increase aqueous humor outflow

Answer 21

1. cholomimetics

2. Prostagladins

Question 22

cilliary muscle contraction - receptors

Answer 22

M3

Question 23

splinter muscle of iris - receptor

Answer 23

M3

Question 24

dilator muscle of iris

Answer 24

a1

Question 25

ciliary epithelium - function (and receptors)

Answer 25

produces aqueous humor (β receptors)

Question 26

Conjunctivitis - treatment

Answer 26

bacterial –> antibiotics

viral –> self resolving

Question 27

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy - treatment

Answer 27

1. blood sugar control

2. macular laser

Question 28

treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 28

1. anti - VEGF (bevacizumab)
2. peripheral retinal photocoagulation
3. surgery

Question 29

Central retinal artery occlusion - management

Answer 29

evaluate for embolic source (carotid artery, atherosclerosis, cardiac vegetations, patent foramen ovale

Question 30

retinal breaks - management

Answer 30

surgical emergency