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Psyc-2020 > Normal Development > Flashcards

Normal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of a mental disorder according to the DSM (there are no definitions of normality / mental health)?

A

A behavioral, emotional, or cognitive syndrome that reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes. It is usually associated with distress, is not an expected / approved response, and is not simply socially deviant behavior.

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2
Q

What is attachment and its significance of attachment to infancy? What are the possible effects if it is not there?

A

Emotional connection that develops between infant and primary caregiver Effects of deprivation longterm: 1. Anaclitic depression 2. Social / emotional deficits - poor socialization / language / trust in others 3. Physical effects - failure to thrive, even death

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3
Q

What is anaclitic depression?

A

Children become susceptible to physical illness and are depressed when separated from primary caregiver

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4
Q

What are the four primary infant reflexes?

A
  1. Babinski 2. Moro 3. Rooting 4. Palmar Disappears like the ocular nerve numbers, 3, 4, 6 months
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5
Q

What is the Babinski reflex and when does it disappear by?

A

Big toe dorsiflexes with plantar stimulation (toes fan out) Disappears at end of infancy / beginning of toddlerhood (1 year)

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6
Q

What is the Moro reflex and when does it disappear by?

A

Limbs extend when baby is startled -Disappears by 3 months (first reflex to go)

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7
Q

What is the Rooting reflex and when does it disappear by?

A

Infant puckers lips and turns head upon perioral stimulation for breastfeeding Disappears by 4 months (second reflex to go)

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8
Q

What is the Palmar reflex and when does it disappear by?

A

When an object is placed in infant’s palm, they will grasp Disappears by 6 months

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9
Q

What is a transitional object? When does attachment develop?

A

Can develop in infancy, its an object which young child becomes attached to and uses as a halfway step between attachment to parent and herself

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10
Q

When does stranger anxiety develop and what does it mean?

A

Develops normally around 6 months (when palmar reflex disappears) -> infant can distinguish caregivers, will cry / cling to parent when strangers approach

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11
Q

When does separation anxiety develop and what is it?

A

Occurs by 9 months, separation from primary caregiver gives normal anxiety

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12
Q

What is the order of postural developments in infancy? From lying down to walking.

A

Lifts head to prone by 1 month Rolls over by 4-5 months Sits and rolls by 6 months Crawls by 8 months Stands by 10 months Walks by 12-18 months

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13
Q

What are the toy playing milestones in infancy?

A

6 months - passes toys hand to hand 10 months - Pincer grab (thumb to finger)

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14
Q

At what age can an infant drink from a cup and point to objects?

A

12 months

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15
Q

What is first aid mnemonic for developmental milestones?

A

Parents Start Observing, (0-12 months, infant) Child Rearing Working, (12-36 months, toddler) Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning! (3-5 yrs, preschool)

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16
Q

What are the three 3 S’s of infancy?

A

Social Smile (2 months) Stranger Anxiety (6 months) Separation Anxiety (9 months)

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17
Q

What are the 3 O’s of infancy and their associated times?

A

Orients to voice - 4 months, then name at 9 months Object permanence - 9 months, develops at same time as separation anxiety Oratory - says mama / dada at 10 months, but actually means mama / dada by 12 months

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18
Q

What is the mnemonic for 6 month milestones?

A

6 - sits alone 6abbles 6 (funny face nose) - laughs

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19
Q

What is Piaget’s first stage and what is the timetable?

A

Birth - 24 months Sensorimotor stage -> gain control of motor functions and interact with world through sensory observation

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20
Q

What are Freud’s and Erikson’s theories of Infancy? What happens if you can’t fulfill Erikson’s

A

Both 0-1 year Freud: Oral - urges focused on feeding, source of all satisfaction and frustration Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust -> Trust - when attached to a parent providing consistent care -> Mistrust - can’t rely on parents, leads to emptiness / despair

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21
Q

When does gender identity set in and when is it fixed? Is it innate?

A

Begins at 18 months - you feel male or female Fixed by 24-30 months. Yes, majority of it is innate

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22
Q

What are the three R’s of toddlerhood (child Rearing working)?

A

Recreation - parallel play by 2 years Rapproachment - by 2 years Realization - of core gender identity

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23
Q

What are parallel play and rapprochement?

A

Parallel play - playing next to another child, but not with eachother Rapprochement - Child wants independence but fears abandonment, will leave caregiver, return briefly, then go out to explore again

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24
Q

What are the four C’s of toddlership (Child rearing working)?

A

Cruises - takes first steps by 12-18 months, runs by 24 months Climbs stairs 18 months Cubes stacked - 3 x age in years = 6 by two years Cutlery - feeds self with fork and spoon Kicks ball - not a C, but 24 months

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25
Q

When does a child imitate housework?

A

by 18 months, get a play kitchen / grill / lawnmower

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26
Q

What is the W of child rearing Working?

A

W = words, knows 200 words by age 2 (two zeros)

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27
Q

When is object permanence fully matured? Is peek-a-boo still fun at this point?

A

Fully matured at 24 months, (starts at 9 months with separation anxiety), peekaboo is still fun because child is excited to know that you are still there and they are able to find you

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28
Q

What is Piaget’s second stage and how long does it last? How is their thinking?

A

Preoperational stage 2-7 years Child uses symbols and language -> Thinking and reasoning are intuitive, not logical / deductive. -> cannot understand metaphors

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29
Q

What are Freud’s and Erikson’s second stage and their timing?

A

Both 1-3 years (toddlerhood) Freud - Anal phase - urges centered on controlling bowel functions / body functions (potty training) Erikson - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

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30
Q

What is the central conflict of Erikson’s second stage?

A

Autonomy - child is able to explore & briefly separate from parent (rapprochement) Shame and Doubt - child loses confidence when parents expect too much

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31
Q

What are the three D’s of preschool years (Don’t forget they’re still learning)?

A

Drive - can ride tricycle with 3 wheels (age 3 for three wheels) Drawings Dexterity - Hops on one foot by age 4, Uses buttons / grooms self by age 5, can use buttons or zippers by age 5 (full dressing of self by age 5)

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32
Q

What are the Drawing ages?

A

3 - fits in circle - can copy circle 4 - add a line to a plus - can copy a + (make stick figure now) 5 - fits in square with line on top of 5 - can copy square 6 - tip of 6 points to tip of triangle - can copy a triangle

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33
Q

What are the two F’s of preschool years (don’t Forget they’re still learning)?

A

Freedom - spends part of day away from parents Friends - cooperative play by age 4

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34
Q

What are the two L’s of preschool years (don’t forget they’re still Learning)?

A

Language - 3 zeros for age 3 - knows 1000 words. Can also use complete sentences by age 4. Legends - At age 4, when can use complete sentences, can also tell complete stories.

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35
Q

What what age can you read, tie shoelaces, and ride a bike?

A

Age 6 (First grade)

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36
Q

What are three thought patterns central to Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Imminent justice - punishment for bad deeds is unavoidable Egocentrism - Child is the center of the universe, cannot see from other’s perspective Animistic thinking - Physical events & objects have feelings

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37
Q

What are Freud’s and Erikson’s third stage and their timing? What are the feature’s of Freud’s phase?

A

3-5 years (preschool years) Freud - Phallic Phase -> preoccupation with illness / injury -> Oedipal complex -> child competes with parent to focus on parent of opposite sex Erikson - Initiative vs Guilt

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38
Q

What are the features of Erikson’s third stage?

A

Initiative - increasing mastery of skills, wishing to explore and conquer. Opposite of Freud: takes steps to establish relationship with parent of same sex Guilt - Results from anxiety over anticipated punishment of exploring (think of Piaget’s imminent justice)

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39
Q

What is considered the latency period of Freud, and what does this mean?

A

Ages 6-11 years (4th stage) Libido is repressed / latent as child develops same-sex friendships and participates in school / sports (becomes more skilled)

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40
Q

At what age is death understood as final?

A

Age 8

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41
Q

What is Piaget’s third stage and what characteristics underlie it?

A

Concrete operations, Ages 7-11 (preoperational was 2-7), ends the same year as Freud’s latency stage Ability to understand other’s viewpoint (no longer egocentric), ability to organize / group according to characterstics of objects

42
Q

What are conservation and reversibility? These both develop in concrete operations.

A

Conservation - Understanding that the same volume of water poured into container of two different dimensions is still the same volume Reversibility - ice to water to ice again can occur

43
Q

What is Erikson’s fourth stage? Years?

A

5-13 years: Industry vs Inferiority Child must understand his family is part of a larger society, and focuses on learning and doing Industry - develops a sense of mastery over environment / accompliashment Inferiority - when a child cannot master tasks

44
Q

In my opinion, what are the stages of development all about?

A

Infancy - senses / motor Toddler - potty training Preschool - punishment Middle school - social development and complex thinking Adolescence - identity, abstract thinking, sexuality

45
Q

What is the age of onset of puberty for girls / boys and what is the trigger?

A

Girls - 11 years Boys - 13 years Trigger: maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axes

46
Q

What is the psychological development in adolescence?

A

Thinking becomes abstract, conceptual, and future oriented Morality develops Creativity increases Identity forms - separate from parents and from many sources

47
Q

What is negativism which occurs in adolescence?

A

Active, verbal way of expressing emotions which tests parents and authority figures -> attempt to tell world that young person has a mind of his/her own

48
Q

What typically destroys self esteem in adolescence?

A

Any deviation from the norm which can result in them not belong in their peer group -> social identity relies on peer group

49
Q

What are the reasons behind risky behavior in adolescence?

A
  1. Omnipotent fantasies - feeling they are invincible and know everything 2. Fear of inadequacy - overcompensation 3. Group dynamics - i.e. peer pressure
50
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of development in the adolescent years?

A

Formal operations (11-18 years) Can think abstractly, reason deductively, and define abstract concepts -> highly variable

51
Q

What is Erikson’s adolescent development theory?

A

Age 13-21: Identity vs Role Confusion Identity = form cohesive self Role confusion = confusion about his / her place in the world

52
Q

What is Freud’s adolescent development theory?

A

Genital phase (vs Phallic phase is 3-5 years) -> genital sexuality develops and proceeds to adulthood

53
Q

When does adolescence technically end?

A

When persons begin to assume actual tasks of adulthood -> assumption of new social roles -> socialization in these roles -> assumption of adult self / life structure

54
Q

What are the leading causes of death in people under 1 year?

A
  1. Congenital malformations 2. Preterm birth 3. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
55
Q

What are the leading causes of death in people 1-14 years?

A
  1. Accidents 2. Cancer 3. Congenital malformations
56
Q

What are the leading causes of death in people 15-35 years?

A
  1. Accidents 2. Suicide 3. Homicide
57
Q

What is the time tables of early, middle, and late adulthood?

A

Early: 21-40 Middle: 40-65 Late: 65+ 65-74 = young-old 75+ = old-old

58
Q

What is Erikson’s developmental stage of early adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs Isolation (21-40 years) Intimacy - find a partner by making / honoring commitments, and sacrificing / compromising Isolation - when you are unable to tolerate fear of abandonment, resulting in withdrawal and depression

59
Q

What is meant by assuming the role of a “psychological parent” in young adulthood?

A

Not only must you become a biological parent, but you must assume the role of raising your child in development

60
Q

As well as your changing relationship with your parents, how does your attitude towards time change as a young adult?

A

You start to realize time is more finite

61
Q

What is the idea behind “task theories” of the human lifecycle?

A

In order to move to the next life stage, must finish the tasks of the previous stage (although there may be some overlapping) For Erikson: you must resolve a conflict to meet the next one

62
Q

How did Carl Jung describe age 40 and why?

A

The Noon of Life - beginning of middle adulthood Because this is a transitional stage where you review where you’ve been, how things have gone, and what will the future hold -> people may change roles many times in their life

63
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s stage following Intimacy vs Isolation?

A

Generativity vs Stagnation - Ages 40-60 Generativity - Guiding the incoming generation or improving society. Stagnation - Person stops developing -> no impulse to guide others, or producing children but not caring for them

64
Q

What is the arguably the most difficult change of middle adulthood?

A

Each person must deal with the loss of their previously well-functioning body which may have been taken for granted -> observing medical problems of friends can also lead to thoughts of mortality

65
Q

What is midlife transition vs midlife crisis?

A

Transition - Viewing middle age as a chance to re-write the ending and taking new opportunities which may lead to productive change Crisis - Emotional struggles which lead to serious maladaptive behavior

66
Q

What are people with mental illness at greater risk for?

A

Medical problems, complications and poorer functioning in all facets of life

67
Q

What is the definition of maturity in adulthood? When does it happen?

A

Sophisticated level of self-awareness based on an honest appraisal of one’s own experience + the ability to use this knowledge carefully in relation to one’s self / others Happens in different ways and times for different people

68
Q

What is the strongest determinant about who is happy-well vs sad-sick among old people?

A

Subjective physical health at that age (how well they feel)

69
Q

What other factors can promote happiness in very happy old people?

A

Objectively good physical health, good mental health, social supports and overally life satisfaction

70
Q

Group the following factors into strong predictor of wellness vs poor predictor of wellness in our 70’s: 1. Regular exercise + healthy weight 2. Stable marriage 3. Higher education 4. All parental factors (social class, marriage, childhood death) 5. No smoking / quitting by age 50 6. IQ 7. Ancestral longevity 8. Mature defenses / adaptive coping

A
  1. Regular exercise + healthy weight - YES 2. Stable marriage - YES 3. Higher education - YES 4. All parental factors (social class, marriage, childhood death) - NO 5. No smoking / quitting by age 50 - YES 6. IQ - NO 7. Ancestral longevity - NO 8. Mature defenses / adaptive coping - YES
71
Q

What is the best predictor of high income in the Harvard graduate / inner city people comparison?

A

Whether their mother made them feel loved

72
Q

What are two physiological factors which are generally unchanged in adulthood?

A

Intelligence and libido (may drop somewhat in women after menopause)

73
Q

What is presbycusis and where are these cells damaged?

A

High frequency hearing loss - destruction of hair cells at cochlear base (near source, at the oval window)

74
Q

What happens to sleep as we age?

A

Sleep latency and awakenings during the night increase REM percentage and stages 3/4 sleep drop off (less deep and restorative sleep

75
Q

What can have a large effect on sexuality as age goes on?

A

Body image & ability to accept body changes Men will have slower erection / ejaculation Women will have vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness

76
Q

What are the leading causes of death in 35-44 year olds?

A

Accidents Cancer Heart Disease

77
Q

What are the leading causes of death in 45-64 year olds?

A

Cancer Heart Disease Accidents

78
Q

What are the leading causes of death in 65+ years?

A

Heart Disease Cancer Chronic Respiratory Disease

79
Q

What are some of the negative possible consequences of polypharmacy?

A

Drug interactions, increased economic cost -> med discontinuation, inaccurate use

80
Q

What changes with age with regards to pharmacokinetics? How should this be handled?

A

Decreased volume of distribution Increased elimination half-life -> start low and go slow, change one medication at a time, check kidney and liver function

81
Q

Are most elderly people impaired on a day to day basis from doing tasks?

A

No, but they may need help from family and friends

82
Q

How can a doctor improve communication with an elderly patient?

A

Explain medical care, asking patient to repeat back information and providing it in a written form. Leave time to answer questions, see patient alone for part of visit (for personal questions), and schedule a follow up for significant diagnoses

83
Q

Who is typically admitted to a nursing home? Is it a large proportion of old people?

A

Widowed women About 1/3 will be admitted to a long-term facility at some point in their lives

84
Q

What should you ask about when in a visit with an elderly patient?

A

Sources of social support, adjustment to role changes / aging, possible elder abuse

85
Q

Among healthy (free from chronic illness) elderly people, what is the overall prevalence of psychiatric diseases?

A

Lower than other life stages

86
Q

What is Erikson’s final stage of development?

A

Integrity vs Despair (60)+ Integrity - Sense of peace and wisdom coming to terms with how’s one life is lived Despair - Life was too short and one didn’t choose wisely

87
Q

What two disease states have the same relative impact: increase in hospitalizations, meds, expenditures, loss of functioning, quality of life, ability to meet developmental tasks?

A

Mental illness and chronic physical illness

88
Q

What are the five stages of grief?

A
  1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Despair / Depression 5. Acceptance
89
Q

What are the types of denial? Define: magical thinking, excessive fantasy, regression, withdrawal/rejection

A
  1. Magical thinking - things will be different by magic 2. Excessive fantasy - nothing is wrong, loss is imagined 3. Regression - make others assure them nothing is wrong, child-like 4. Withdrawal / rejection - avoiding and rejecting those who confront them with the truth
90
Q

What is a common feeling in the despair / depression phase of the stages of grief?

A

Guilt of responsibility - feeling that illness is for bad past deeds, or a punishment for sin

91
Q

When is ability to reason about treatment relating to the disease regained?

A

In the acceptance phase, when appropriate emotions and rational thinking have returned.

92
Q

Common age changes (6)/ Implications (6)

Normal aging changes

Cardiovascular system

A
93
Q

Common age changes (4)/ Implications (6)

Normal aging change

Neurological system

A
94
Q

Normal age changes (5)/ Implications (5)

Normal aging change

Respiratory system

A
95
Q

Normal age changes (9)/ Implications (7)

Normal aging change

Dermatological system

A
96
Q

Normal aging changes (9)/ Implications (5)

Normal aging change

GI system

A
97
Q

Normal age changes (6)/ Implcations (5)

Normal aging change

Reprodyctive system

A
98
Q

Normal age changes (5)/ Implications (9)

Normal aging change

Urinary system

A
99
Q

Normal age changes (4)/ Implications (6)

Normal aging change

Musculoskeletal system

A
100
Q

Normal age changes (7)/ Implications (6)

Normal aging change

Sensory system : vision

A
110
Q

Implications

Normal aging change

Sensory system : Hearing

A

Psyc-2020 (41 decks)

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