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Child health > normal development > Flashcards

normal development Flashcards

1
Q

what is IQ?

A

o Intelligence quotient
o Measures Mental Age
Chronological age

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2
Q

what factors influence normal development in children?

A

o Genetic
o Nutritional
o Environmental

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3
Q

who have a higher correlation that fraternal twins?

A

identical twins

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4
Q

what sets the background in which genes are showcased?

A

environment

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5
Q

how does malnutrition affect children?

A

o Decreases the protein level in brain cells

o Damage can be permanent if it affects kids before the age of 6 months

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6
Q

can you change the environment to improve developmental outcomes?

A

Yes
But extreme changes aren’t usefulas they don’t result in a change in kids
Conversely maybe screens can adversely affect kids
Apps  limits vocabulary in children (royal college, not a vast study)

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7
Q

what are developmental milestones?

A

key stage when a new skill is developed

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8
Q

what is a median age?

A

age when half the population achieve a skill

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9
Q

what is the limit age?

A

age when the skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of the children (2SD)

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10
Q

when do 50% of children walk?

A

12 months

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11
Q

when do 75% of children walk?

A

by 13 months

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12
Q

what is the 2SD age for children to walk

A

97.5% - 18 months

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13
Q

which children tend to walk later than those who usually crawl?

A

rolling, commander, backed pedo shuffling, bum shuffling

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14
Q

what are the factor that we need to know to assess development?

A

o Normal milestones
o Normal variations
o Developmental age v chronological age

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15
Q

what happens if a child is born premature?

A

we take 6 weeks off their developmental time - developmental age - their milestones will be taken from their due than their actual DoB, by the age of 2 their development will even out with their peers and their actual DoB can be used

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16
Q

what are the 5 principles of development?

A

o Continuous process
o Maturation of nervous system (if the nervous system isn’t ready yet, external stimulation doesn’t fasten the growth rate )
o Sequence same but rate varies (children with bottom shuffle wouldn’t walk till 14-15 months, i.e., slower)
o Cephalocaudal direction (head to tail, start getting control pf head, trunk and then limbs)
o Generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements (trunkal control first and then arms and finer hand control eg: pincer grip)

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17
Q

which direction does growth begin in?

A

cephalocaudally

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18
Q

what are the 4 areas into which development is divided?

A

o Gross motor
o Fine motor and vision
o Language and hearing
o Social behaviour and play

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19
Q

are the sequences of growth the same in children?

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the variant in growth in children?

A

o Rate of development varies from one child to the other

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21
Q

what are the gross Moto development milestones?

A

o Head control 3 months
o Sitting balance 6 months
o Crawling 9 months
o Standing 12 months
o Runs 18 months
o Stairs – 2 feet/tread 24 months
o Stairs – alternate feet 36 months
o Hops 48 months

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22
Q

What is the importance of losing primitive reflexes?

A

o Helps to grow further fine skills
o Lose by around 3 months – 9 months
o If not  poor motor ability, affect physical movement, psychomotor disturbances

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23
Q

what are the various primitive reflexes in babies?

A 
rooting and sucking
palmar and plantar reflex 
moto/startle reflex 
ATNR/asymmetric tonic neck reflex 
stepping and placing
24
Q

rooting

A

baby’s mouth stroked/touched -> the baby turns the head and opens his/her mouth to helps follows towards their mom and find the breast bottle to suck and feed

25
Q

sucking

A

if the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched -> it opens its mouth and begins to suck and helps in sucking milk

26
Q

palmar reflex

A

grasp and close on anything that touches the palm of the baby

27
Q

plantar reflex

A

if the sole of the feet of babies are touched -> they close around the object

28
Q

moto/startle reflex

A

if they are startled by a loud noise or movement

29
Q

what is ATNR?

A

asymmetric tonic neck reflex - to protect babies from rolling off, if their head turns to one side of theirs also extend and turn out to the side

30
Q

stepping and placing

A

the baby appears to step or dance when they are held upright with their feet on a solid surface

31
Q

what are parachute reflexes?

A

o Develops at around 5-6 months (older infants)
o prevents the babies from falling over, not a primitive reflex
o when the baby is held upright and the face falls forward (as in falling), the baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall

32
Q

why should babies be put to sleep on their back?

A

to prevent death but should give then tummy time and prone to reduce distress

33
Q

how is grip by 6,9,12 months respectively?

A

palmar, scissor, fine pincer

34
Q

rake grip

A

5 months

35
Q

radial-palmar grasp

A

7 months

36
Q

radial-digital grasp

A

9 months

37
Q

inferior pincer grasp

A

10 months

38
Q

fine pincer grasp

A

12 months

39
Q

skills

A

o Pick up toys in one hand, pass it over to the other hand and then take a new one in the 1st hand
o Brings everything to the mouth

40
Q

What are the dangers associated with the age when pincer grip has been established?

A

o Choking, as they can take everything with their hand and put it in their mouth

41
Q

is it useful to put kids in school early?

A

no, if proper development hasnt occured yet

42
Q

digital pronate grip

A

starts with palmar grip

43
Q

at what stage is hearing screened?

A

neonatal screening

44
Q

when is higher frequency sometimes not heard?

A

if they have sticky ears and hence can only hear low pitched sounds

45
Q

what are the false leads to parents that their kids can hear them?

A

kid might see a shadow, a daft of wind, perfume etc. and might not actually turning to the sound

46
Q

how are communication skills developed?

A

quite varied and increased screen time leads to decreased development of the skills

47
Q

how does having the tv on in the background affect the children’s language skills?

A

o Decreases the interaction btw the parents are kids (decreased from 990 words/ hr to 110 word/ hr)
o Can affect the kids comm skills

48
Q

what is the major influencer about the cognitive developmental skills of a child?

A

how fast they communicate

49
Q

what are the ways in which kids are distracted in a task?

A

if they have another toy in their hand

50
Q

what are kids usually able to do by 2 years?

A

o Know about 50 words
o Join 2-3 words together
o Follow instructions

51
Q

what is a really important milestone that binds the relationship of a child and their parent?

A

social smile

52
Q

what is the significance of a social smile?

A

o Increased the bond btw the parents and kids
o If they cant see it  maybe a visual problem
o Can prevent them from smiling
o Median age – 6 weeks and 2SD – 8 weeks
o If they can’t it is closely looked into

53
Q

was the age to be toilet trained always 3 years?

A

o No, was quite lesser before

o Expected 18-19 months before

54
Q

who do kids have a tendency to look at?

A

their mom’s face

55
Q

what is assessed in kids?

A

Can sit by herself, can she understand what we are asking her to do, interactions with the caregiver, can she hold the things properly

Child health (10 decks)

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