Normal Development Flashcards
Define attachment
Enduring emotional connection that develops between infant and primary caregiver
Harlow’s experiment
Monkeys given feeding mother of mesh or terry cloth; preferred terry cloth
Results
- Attachment not simplky result of feeing
- Comforted monkeys (terry cloth) showed less disorganization during stress
Anaclitic depression
Deprivation of affection –> depression, susceptibility to physical illness
Social/emotional effects of deprivation of affection
Poor language/socialization skills, lack of trust in others
Physical effects of deprivation of affection
Failure to thrive (weight loss, loss muscle tone, physical illness) –> death
Babinski reflex (& when it extinguishes)
Big toe dorsiflex w/ plantar stimulation (12 mos)
Moro reflex (& when it extinguishes)
Limbs extend upon startle (3 mos)
Rooting (& when it extinguishes)
Responds to perioral stim by puckering lips/turning head to assist in breastfeeding (4mos)
Grasp reflex (& when it extinguishes)
Infant grasps object in palm (6mos)
Translational object
Object to which young child becomes attach to allow comfort and a half-way step between attachment to herself and outside world
Stranger anxiety
Normal fear of strangers – infants cry/cling to parents when strangers approach (around 6mos) due to growing ability to distinguish caregivers from others
Separation anxiety
Normal anxiety created by separation from caregiver (9 mos)
Birth-2mos
Social smile, lifts head to prone
4-5 mos
Parent recognition, orients to voice, rolls over
6 mos
Laughs, babbles, stranger anxiety, sits/rolls, passes toy hand-hand
7-8 mos
Crawls
9-10 mos
Orients to name, object permanence, Dada/Mama nonspecific, stands, pincer grasp
12 mos
Dada/mama specific, first words, walks (12-18mos), drinks from cup, points to objects
Birth-24 mos – Piaget
Sensorimotor – interacts w/ world through sensory observation, gains control of motor fxns; oject permanence by end of second year (recognizes hidden objects still exist)
Birth-1yr – Freud
Oral – urges focusses on feeding, the source of all satisfaction and frustration
Birth-1yr – Erikson
Trust vs. mistrust:
- Trust from attachment w/ parent who provides consistent care
- Mistrust when infant can’t rely on parent –> emptiness and despair
Gender identity timing
Begins at 18 mos, solidified by 24-30 mos –> major part of gender is innate
Rapprochement
Child uses caregiver like beacon to explore (back and forth) – starts at 24 mos
18 mos
Imitates housework, 20-100 words, climbs stairs, throws ball overhead
24 mos
200+ words, object permanence, parallel play (24-36 mos), rapprochement, runs, kicks ball, uses fork/spoon (20mos), 6 cube tower
2-7yrs – Piaget
Preoperational – uses symbols and language, thinking and reasoning are intuitive, immanent justice: punishment for bad deeds is inevitable, egocentrism: child is center of universe and only sees own perspective, animistic thinking: physical events/objects have feelings/intentions
1-3yrs – Freud
Anal – urges centered on bowel functioning, control over body fxns is main issue
1-3 yrs – Erikson
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt:
- Autonomous able to explore and briefly separate from parent
- Shame/doubt: child cannot perform
3 yrs
Tricycle riding, gives 1st/last name, knows 1000+ words, toilet training, core gender identity is formed, can copy an “O”
4 yrs
Dresses w/ supervision, tells detailed stories, uses complete sentences, cooperative play and imaginary friends, copies a “+”, makes a stick figure, hops on one foot
5 yrs
Dresses alone, grooms self, buttons/zippers, copies a square
6 yrs
Reads, copies a triangle, ties shoelaces, bicycles
3-5yrs – Freud
Phallic phase – genitals are focus, preoccupied w/ illness/injury, Oedipal complex: child focuses on parent of opposite sex (wants exclusive possession and competes w/ other parent)
3-5 yrs – Erikson
Initiative vs. Guilt
- Initiative: mastery of skills, expands participation in outside world, wish to explore/conquer, establishes relationship w/ parent of same sex
- Guilt: anxiety over anticipated punishment
Age at which death is understood as final
8yrs
7-11yrs – Piaget
Concrete operations – understands another viewpoint, can serialize/organize/group according to characteristics, understands conservation (water in tall glass = water in short glass) and reversibility (water to ice to water)
6-11 yrs – Freud
Latency – libido repressed in interest of developing same-sex friendships and participating in school/sport
5-13 yrs – Erikson
Industry vs. Inferiority – main tasks are learning/doing and child starts to understand family as a part of larger society
- Industry: strives for sense of accomplishment and develops sense of mastery
- Inferiority: unable to master tasks
Interpersonal relationship aspects during latency
Invests in adults other than parents, peer groups important, best friends developed, clubs w/ complicated rules
Stages of adolescence
Early: 11-14yrs
Middle: 14-17 yrs
Late: 18-20yrs
Puberty onset for boys vs. girls
Girls: 11yrs (8-13yrs)
Boys: 13 yrs (10-14yrs)
Trigger for puberty
HPA-gonadal axes
Psychological development in adolesence
Thinking –> more abstract, conceptual, future oriented
Morality develops (internalization of ethics/control of conduct)
Creativity increaes
Identity formation – secure sense of self apart from parents (must be flexible)
Negativism – attempt to tell world that they have mind of their own (tests parents/authority figures)
Reasons for risky behavior in adolescence
Omnipotent fantasies (I’m invincible), fear of inadequacy (overcompensation), and group dynamics (peer pressure)
11yrs-adolescence – Piaget
Formal operations – Able to think abstractly, reason deductively, and define abstract concepts (enter stage at diff times/degrees)
12-18yrs – Freud
Genital phase – Sexuality develops and persists to adulthood
13-21yrs – Erikson
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Identity: formation of separate/cohesive self
- Role confusion: unable to form identity – confused about place in world
Phases of adulthood
Early: 20-40
Middle: 40-65
21yrs-40yrs – Erikson
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Intimacy requires ability to make/honor commitments, sacrifice, and compromise
- Isolation occurs in lack of intimacy – unable to tolerate fear of abandonment –> w/drawal and depression
Young Adult Developmental Tasks – Colarusso
- Young-adult sense of self/others
- Adult friendships
- Capacity for intimacy
- Become biological/psychological parent
- Develop relationship of mutuality and equality w/ parents
- Facilitate parents’ midlife development
- Establish an adult work identity
- Adult forms of play
- Integrate new attitudes towards time
40yrs-60yrs – Erikson
Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Generativity: guiding oncoming generation/improving society (having raising children, being creative, helping community or next generation)
- Stagnation – stops developing, no impulse to guide others, doesn’t care for biological children –> danger of being unable to negotiate the tasks of middle adulthood and unprepared for old age
Midlife transition vs. crisis
Transition: greater insight into how life will turn out, chance to re-write the ending, may take new opportunities/productive change
Crisis: emotional struggles during middle adulthood leading to maladaptive behavior
Late adulthood divisions
Young-old: 65-74
Old-old: 75+
What distinguishes happy-well from sad-sick? (6)
- No objective disabilities at 75
- Subjective physical health at 75
- Longer length of undisabled life
- Mental health
- Social supports
- Life satisfaction
Factors that do NOT predict wellness past 70s
- Ancestral longevity
- Parental social class
- Stability of parental marriage
- Parental death in childhood
- IQ
Factors that DO predict wellness past 70s
- Not smoking (quitting by age 50)
- Adaptive coping style (mature defenses)
- No alcohol abuse
- Healthy weight
- Regular exercise
- Stable marriage, good relationships
- Higher education
Best predictor of high income?
Whether mother made them feel loved
Presbycusis
High f hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base (low f preserved – at apex)
Sleep in aging
Down: REM, stages 3/4 sleep
Up: sleep latencies, awakenings durin gth enight
Effects of aging on pharmacokinetics
Change in Vd (decrease – less water), decrease in t1/2
60yrs+ – Erikson
Integrity vs. Despair
Success –> process of life review w/ sense of peace/wisdom through coming to terms w/ how one’s life was lived –> lived well
Less success – sense life was too short and did not choose wisely
Kubler Ross Stages of Grief
Denial (magical thinking – by magic things will be different, excessive fantasy – nothing is wrong just imagined, regression – want others assure nothing is wrong/childlike, withdrawal/rejection – by avoiding/rejecting those who confront the disease can be avoided
Anger – angry w/ God, themselves, and/or others about illness or steps to overcome
Bargaining
Despair/Depression – guilt of responsibility is common, loss of hope/faith in goodness etc.
Acceptance – able to describe risks/limitations to tx, test available alternatives, uses rational thinking/adaptive behavior/appropriate emotion –> growth
