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Psychiatry Exam 1 > Normal Development > Flashcards

Normal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define attachment

A

Enduring emotional connection that develops between infant and primary caregiver

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2
Q

Harlow’s experiment

A

Monkeys given feeding mother of mesh or terry cloth; preferred terry cloth
Results
- Attachment not simplky result of feeing
- Comforted monkeys (terry cloth) showed less disorganization during stress

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3
Q

Anaclitic depression

A

Deprivation of affection –> depression, susceptibility to physical illness

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4
Q

Social/emotional effects of deprivation of affection

A

Poor language/socialization skills, lack of trust in others

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5
Q

Physical effects of deprivation of affection

A

Failure to thrive (weight loss, loss muscle tone, physical illness) –> death

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6
Q

Babinski reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Big toe dorsiflex w/ plantar stimulation (12 mos)

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7
Q

Moro reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Limbs extend upon startle (3 mos)

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8
Q

Rooting (& when it extinguishes)

A

Responds to perioral stim by puckering lips/turning head to assist in breastfeeding (4mos)

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9
Q

Grasp reflex (& when it extinguishes)

A

Infant grasps object in palm (6mos)

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10
Q

Translational object

A

Object to which young child becomes attach to allow comfort and a half-way step between attachment to herself and outside world

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11
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Normal fear of strangers – infants cry/cling to parents when strangers approach (around 6mos) due to growing ability to distinguish caregivers from others

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12
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Normal anxiety created by separation from caregiver (9 mos)

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13
Q

Birth-2mos

A

Social smile, lifts head to prone

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14
Q

4-5 mos

A

Parent recognition, orients to voice, rolls over

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15
Q

6 mos

A

Laughs, babbles, stranger anxiety, sits/rolls, passes toy hand-hand

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16
Q

7-8 mos

A

Crawls

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17
Q

9-10 mos

A

Orients to name, object permanence, Dada/Mama nonspecific, stands, pincer grasp

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18
Q

12 mos

A

Dada/mama specific, first words, walks (12-18mos), drinks from cup, points to objects

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19
Q

Birth-24 mos – Piaget

A

Sensorimotor – interacts w/ world through sensory observation, gains control of motor fxns; oject permanence by end of second year (recognizes hidden objects still exist)

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20
Q

Birth-1yr – Freud

A

Oral – urges focusses on feeding, the source of all satisfaction and frustration

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21
Q

Birth-1yr – Erikson

A

Trust vs. mistrust:

  • Trust from attachment w/ parent who provides consistent care
  • Mistrust when infant can’t rely on parent –> emptiness and despair
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22
Q

Gender identity timing

A

Begins at 18 mos, solidified by 24-30 mos –> major part of gender is innate

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23
Q

Rapprochement

A

Child uses caregiver like beacon to explore (back and forth) – starts at 24 mos

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24
Q

18 mos

A

Imitates housework, 20-100 words, climbs stairs, throws ball overhead

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25
Q

24 mos

A

200+ words, object permanence, parallel play (24-36 mos), rapprochement, runs, kicks ball, uses fork/spoon (20mos), 6 cube tower

26
Q

2-7yrs – Piaget

A

Preoperational – uses symbols and language, thinking and reasoning are intuitive, immanent justice: punishment for bad deeds is inevitable, egocentrism: child is center of universe and only sees own perspective, animistic thinking: physical events/objects have feelings/intentions

27
Q

1-3yrs – Freud

A

Anal – urges centered on bowel functioning, control over body fxns is main issue

28
Q

1-3 yrs – Erikson

A

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt:

  • Autonomous able to explore and briefly separate from parent
  • Shame/doubt: child cannot perform
29
Q

3 yrs

A

Tricycle riding, gives 1st/last name, knows 1000+ words, toilet training, core gender identity is formed, can copy an “O”

30
Q

4 yrs

A

Dresses w/ supervision, tells detailed stories, uses complete sentences, cooperative play and imaginary friends, copies a “+”, makes a stick figure, hops on one foot

31
Q

5 yrs

A

Dresses alone, grooms self, buttons/zippers, copies a square

32
Q

6 yrs

A

Reads, copies a triangle, ties shoelaces, bicycles

33
Q

3-5yrs – Freud

A

Phallic phase – genitals are focus, preoccupied w/ illness/injury, Oedipal complex: child focuses on parent of opposite sex (wants exclusive possession and competes w/ other parent)

34
Q

3-5 yrs – Erikson

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

  • Initiative: mastery of skills, expands participation in outside world, wish to explore/conquer, establishes relationship w/ parent of same sex
  • Guilt: anxiety over anticipated punishment
35
Q

Age at which death is understood as final

A

8yrs

36
Q

7-11yrs – Piaget

A

Concrete operations – understands another viewpoint, can serialize/organize/group according to characteristics, understands conservation (water in tall glass = water in short glass) and reversibility (water to ice to water)

37
Q

6-11 yrs – Freud

A

Latency – libido repressed in interest of developing same-sex friendships and participating in school/sport

38
Q

5-13 yrs – Erikson

A

Industry vs. Inferiority – main tasks are learning/doing and child starts to understand family as a part of larger society

  • Industry: strives for sense of accomplishment and develops sense of mastery
  • Inferiority: unable to master tasks
39
Q

Interpersonal relationship aspects during latency

A

Invests in adults other than parents, peer groups important, best friends developed, clubs w/ complicated rules

40
Q

Stages of adolescence

A

Early: 11-14yrs
Middle: 14-17 yrs
Late: 18-20yrs

41
Q

Puberty onset for boys vs. girls

A

Girls: 11yrs (8-13yrs)
Boys: 13 yrs (10-14yrs)

42
Q

Trigger for puberty

A

HPA-gonadal axes

43
Q

Psychological development in adolesence

A

Thinking –> more abstract, conceptual, future oriented
Morality develops (internalization of ethics/control of conduct)
Creativity increaes
Identity formation – secure sense of self apart from parents (must be flexible)
Negativism – attempt to tell world that they have mind of their own (tests parents/authority figures)

44
Q

Reasons for risky behavior in adolescence

A

Omnipotent fantasies (I’m invincible), fear of inadequacy (overcompensation), and group dynamics (peer pressure)

45
Q

11yrs-adolescence – Piaget

A

Formal operations – Able to think abstractly, reason deductively, and define abstract concepts (enter stage at diff times/degrees)

46
Q

12-18yrs – Freud

A

Genital phase – Sexuality develops and persists to adulthood

47
Q

13-21yrs – Erikson

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

  • Identity: formation of separate/cohesive self
  • Role confusion: unable to form identity – confused about place in world
48
Q

Phases of adulthood

A

Early: 20-40
Middle: 40-65

49
Q

21yrs-40yrs – Erikson

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

  • Intimacy requires ability to make/honor commitments, sacrifice, and compromise
  • Isolation occurs in lack of intimacy – unable to tolerate fear of abandonment –> w/drawal and depression
50
Q

Young Adult Developmental Tasks – Colarusso

A
  • Young-adult sense of self/others
  • Adult friendships
  • Capacity for intimacy
  • Become biological/psychological parent
  • Develop relationship of mutuality and equality w/ parents
  • Facilitate parents’ midlife development
  • Establish an adult work identity
  • Adult forms of play
  • Integrate new attitudes towards time
51
Q

40yrs-60yrs – Erikson

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

  • Generativity: guiding oncoming generation/improving society (having raising children, being creative, helping community or next generation)
  • Stagnation – stops developing, no impulse to guide others, doesn’t care for biological children –> danger of being unable to negotiate the tasks of middle adulthood and unprepared for old age
52
Q

Midlife transition vs. crisis

A

Transition: greater insight into how life will turn out, chance to re-write the ending, may take new opportunities/productive change
Crisis: emotional struggles during middle adulthood leading to maladaptive behavior

53
Q

Late adulthood divisions

A

Young-old: 65-74

Old-old: 75+

54
Q

What distinguishes happy-well from sad-sick? (6)

A
  • No objective disabilities at 75
  • Subjective physical health at 75
  • Longer length of undisabled life
  • Mental health
  • Social supports
  • Life satisfaction
55
Q

Factors that do NOT predict wellness past 70s

A
  • Ancestral longevity
  • Parental social class
  • Stability of parental marriage
  • Parental death in childhood
  • IQ
56
Q

Factors that DO predict wellness past 70s

A
  • Not smoking (quitting by age 50)
  • Adaptive coping style (mature defenses)
  • No alcohol abuse
  • Healthy weight
  • Regular exercise
  • Stable marriage, good relationships
  • Higher education
57
Q

Best predictor of high income?

A

Whether mother made them feel loved

58
Q

Presbycusis

A

High f hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear base (low f preserved – at apex)

59
Q

Sleep in aging

A

Down: REM, stages 3/4 sleep
Up: sleep latencies, awakenings durin gth enight

60
Q

Effects of aging on pharmacokinetics

A

Change in Vd (decrease – less water), decrease in t1/2

61
Q

60yrs+ – Erikson

A

Integrity vs. Despair
Success –> process of life review w/ sense of peace/wisdom through coming to terms w/ how one’s life was lived –> lived well
Less success – sense life was too short and did not choose wisely

62
Q

Kubler Ross Stages of Grief

A

Denial (magical thinking – by magic things will be different, excessive fantasy – nothing is wrong just imagined, regression – want others assure nothing is wrong/childlike, withdrawal/rejection – by avoiding/rejecting those who confront the disease can be avoided

Anger – angry w/ God, themselves, and/or others about illness or steps to overcome

Bargaining

Despair/Depression – guilt of responsibility is common, loss of hope/faith in goodness etc.

Acceptance – able to describe risks/limitations to tx, test available alternatives, uses rational thinking/adaptive behavior/appropriate emotion –> growth

Psychiatry Exam 1 (9 decks)

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