Normal Child Flashcards
what is the respiratory adaptation which happens at birth and which cells are involved
Catecholamines and prostaglandins are released during birth which means fluid is resorbed by the alveoli by type I pneumocytes
what causes the ductus arteriosus to constict during the 1st few minutes of life
oxygen in the blood through ventilation
what does the first breath do to the pulmonary resistance
reduces it
what does the increase in pulmonary venous return and the increase in left atrial pressure cause
closure of the foramen ovale
the septum primum presses against the septum secondum
what are the symptoms of respiratory distress (5)
- tachypnoea
- tachycardia
- chest wall recession
- nasal flaring
- expiratory grunting
- cyanosis
brown fat is rick around the lower neck and supraclavicular region, but what is found in it and what happens to this substance in the mitochondria
it is rich in TG
FFA oxidation –> heat
what three things could result from a baby getting too cold
hypoglycaemia
respiratory distress
surfactant deactivation
where is glycogen found in neonates unlike any other time in life
the heart
what are the 3 metabolic adaptations of a baby at birth
- decrease in the plasma conc of insulin
- increased catecholamines
- increased pancreatic glucagon release
what is acrocyanosis
dusky blue appearance of the peripheries
why is vitamin K given at birth
to aid clotting. Some babies are born with vitamin K deficiency
what does low activity of glucuronosultransferase cause in the first few days of life
physiological jaundice
what is the normal heart rate of a newborn
110-150 bpm
what is the normal BP of a newborn
65/40 mmHg
what is the average head circumference of a newborn
35cm
what is the average weight of a newborn
3.5kg
which 2 hormones are essential for growth
GH and TH
how does GH promote growth at the epiphyseal plates?
promotes proliferation of chondrocytes to make cartilage
what percentage of growth occurs in the foetal phase
30%
what percentage of growth occurs in the infantile phase
15%
what percentage of growth happens in the childhood phase
40%
what percentage of growth happens in the pubertal phase
15%
which 2 things are important in the foetal phase of growth
nutrition and placenta
which hormones are important in childhood
GH and TH
when are androgens secreted? what do they promote?
6-8 years –> axillary and pubic hair growth
when and where is there an increase in the release of GnRH
nocturnally secreted from the hypothalamus –> gonadarche
in which gene is there a defect in in achondroplasia
FGFR-3
which hormone is increased in hypothyroidism
TSH
what happens when there is GH insufficiency
faltering growth due to lack of proliferation of the chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates
name some conditions which may cause tall stature
hyperthyroidism precocious puberty nutritional marfans klinefelters
what is marasmus
chronic malnutrition causing stunted growth
what is kwashiorhor?
starvation and oedema due to low albumin and hepatomegaly
which protein is most abundant in colostrum: whey or casein
whey (80%)
which protein in milk can potentially become allergenic
casein
what is the main carb in mature milk
lactose
what should the weight gain be from 0-3 months in a child
200g per week
what should the weight gain be in 4-6 months in a child
150g per week
how much milk should a 0-4 month old have per day
150-200ml/kg
how much milk should a 4-6month old have per day
140ml/kg
what do the first few breaths of life help with
pushing fluid away from the airway and alveoli
what is vernix
waxy coating of the newborn
what is the normal RR for a newborn
40-60/min
