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Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) > Normal Cell Structure (P) > Flashcards

Normal Cell Structure (P) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell?

A

It is the basic structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

What is the characteristic of cell?

A

Each cell is a highly organized unit

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It is the mat bet the plasma membrane and nucleus

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4
Q

What is the characteristic and function of nucleus?

A

It contains the cell’s genetic mat and directs cell acts

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5
Q

What is the characteristic of cellular organelles?

A

Each performs sp functions

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6
Q

What are the functions of plasma membrane?

A

1) It forms the outer boundary of the cell
2) It plays a dynamic role in cellular act
3) It encloses the cell
4) It supports the cell contents
5) It is a selective barrier that regulates what goes into and out of the cell
6) It plays a role in communication bet cells
7) It separates intracellular substances from extracellular substances

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7
Q

What are intracellular cells?

A

The cells inside

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8
Q

What are intercellular cells?

A

The cells in bet

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of protein molecules?

A

These float among the phospholipid molecules

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10
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Membrane proteins functions as:

1) Marker molecules
2) Attachment proteins
3) Transport proteins
4) Receptor proteins
5) Enzymes

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11
Q

What are the exs of attachment proteins?

A

1) Cadherins

2) Integrins

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12
Q

What are the components of cytoplasm?

A

1) Half cytosol

2) Half organelles

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of cytosol?

A

1) It is the fluid part of the cytoplasm

2) It contains the cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusions

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14
Q

What are the purposes of cytoskeleton?

A

1) It supports the cell

2) It enables cell movements

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15
Q

What are the components of cytoskeleton?

A

1) Microtubules
2) Actin filaments
3) Intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What are the purposes of microtubules?

A

1) It provides support

2) It aids in cell division

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17
Q

What are microtubules?

A

These are the components of organelles

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18
Q

What are the purposes of actin filaments?

A

1) It supports the plasma membrane

2) It defines the shape of the cell

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19
Q

What is the purpose of intermediate filaments?

A

To provide mechanical support to the cell

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20
Q

The cytoplasm is a what type of fluid?

A

Intracellular fluid

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21
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

These are aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell

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22
Q

What are the exs of cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

1) Lipids
2) Glycogen
3) Hgb
4) Melanin

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23
Q

What is the characteristic of nuclear envelope?

A

It consists of 2 separate membranes w/ nuclear pores

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24
Q

What is the purpose of nuclear envelope?

A

It encloses the jellylike nucleoplasm

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of nucleoplasm?

A

1) It is jellylike

2) It contains essential solutes

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26
Q

Where are DNA and associated proteins found?

A

These are found in the nucleus

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A

1) It is the hereditary mat of the cell

2) It contains the genetic library w/ blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins

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28
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

1) It controls the acts of the cell

2) It dictates the kinds and amts of proteins to be synthesized

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29
Q

Bet cell divisions, the DNA is organized as what?

A

As chromatin

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30
Q

What happens during cell division?

A

The chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of chromosomes?

A

1) It consists of 2 chromatids

2) The 2 chromatids are connected by a centromere

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32
Q

What are the subunits that made up microtubules?

A

Tubulin subunits / tubulin protein subunits

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33
Q

What is the size of microtubules?

A

25 nm in diameter w/ 5 nm thick walls

34
Q

What type of subunits made up actin filaments?

A

Actin subunits

35
Q

What is the other term for actin filaments?

A

Microfilaments

36
Q

What is the size of actin filaments?

A

8 nm in diameter

37
Q

What type of subunits made up intermediate filaments?

A

Protein subunits

38
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

These are protein fibers

39
Q

What is the size of intermediate filaments?

A

10 nm in diameter

40
Q

What are cytoplasmic organelles?

A

These are specialized subcellular structures w/ sp functions

41
Q

What are the 2 types of cytoplasmic organelles?

A

1) Membranous

2) Nonmembranous

42
Q

What are the cytoplasmic organelles that are membranous?

A

1) Mitochondria
2) Peroxisomes
3) Lysosomes
4) ER
5) Golgi apparatus

43
Q

What are the cytoplasmic organelles that are nonmembranous?

A

1) Centrioles

2) Ribosomes

44
Q

What are the characteristics of nucleoli?

A

1) These are the dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
2) It consists of RNA and proteins
3) It is the site of ribosomal subunit assembly

45
Q

What is the purpose of nucleoli?

A

It produces ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

46
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

These are the sites of protein synthesis

47
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

1) Free ribosomes

2) Attached ribosomes

48
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

These are ribosomes that are not attached to any organelles

49
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A

It synthesizes proteins used inside the cell

50
Q

What are attached ribosomes?

A

These are part of a network of membranes called the RER

51
Q

What is the function of attached ribosomes?

A

To produce proteins that are secreted from the cell

52
Q

What is the process (or steps) of how ribosomes are produced?

A

1) Ribosomal proteins, produced in the cytoplasm are transported through nuclear pores into the nucleolus
2) rRNA, most of w/c is produced in the nucleolus, is assembled w/ ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosomal subunits
3) The small and large ribosomal subunits leave the nucleolus and the nucleus through nuclear pores
4) The small and large subunits, now in the cytoplasm, combine w/ each other and w/ mRNA during protein synthesis

53
Q

What is ER?

A

These are series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extend from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

54
Q

What are the 2 varieties of ER?

A

1) RER

2) SER

55
Q

What are the characteristics of RER?

A

1) It is studded w/ ribosomes

2) It is the major site of protein synthesis

56
Q

What are the characteristics of SER?

A

1) It does not have ribosomes attached

2) It is the major site of lipid and carbs synthesis

57
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

It catalyzes the ff rxns in various organs of the body:

1) Liver
2) Testes
3) Intestinal cells
4) Skeletal and cardiac muscle

58
Q

What are the rxns (or actions) done by the liver (w/c is catalyzed by the SER)?

A

1) Lipid and chole metabolism
2) Breakdown of glycogen and along w/ the kidneys
3) Detoxify drugs

59
Q

What is the rxn (or action) done by the testes (w/c is catalyzed by the SER)?

A

Synthesis of steroid-based hormones

60
Q

What are the rxns (or actions) done by the intestinal cells (w/c is catalyzed by the SER)?

A

1) Absorption, 2) synthesis, and 3) transport of fats

61
Q

What are the rxns (or actions) done by the skeletal and cardiac muscle (w/c is catalyzed by the SER)?

A

1) Storage and 2) release of calcium

62
Q

What is golgi apparatus and what are its functions?

A

It is a series of closely packed membranous sacs that collect, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER

63
Q

What are secretory vesicles and what are its functions?

A

These are small, membrane-bound sacs that transport mat from the golgi apparatus to the exterior of the cell

64
Q

What are the functions (or mechanism) of the golgi apparatus?

A

1) Some proteins are produced at ribosomes on the surface of the RER and are transferred into the cisterna as they are produced
2) The proteins are surrounded by a vesicle that forms from the membrane of the ER
3) This transport vesicle moves from the ER to the golgi apparatus, fuses w/ its membrane, and releases the proteins into its cisterna
4) The golgi apparatus concentrates and in some cases, modifies the proteins into glycoproteins or lipoproteins
5) The proteins are packaged into vesicles that form from the membrane of the golgi apparatus
6) Some vesicles, such as lysosomes, contain enzymes that are used within the cell
7) Secretory vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the proteins are secreted from the cell by exocytosis
8) Some vesicles contain proteins that become part of the plasma membrane

65
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

These are spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

66
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

1) Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
2) Degrade nonfunctional organelles
3) Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
4) Breakdown non-useful tissue
5) Breakdown bone to release Ca2+

67
Q

Where are secretory lysosomes found?

A

These are found in WBCs, immune cells, and melanocytes

68
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

These are membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases

69
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

1) Breakdown fatty acids, AAs, and H2O2
2) Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
3) Neutralize dangerous free radicals

70
Q

What are free radicals?

A

These are highly reactive chemicals w/ unpaired electrons

71
Q

Provide an ex of free radicals

A

O2^-

72
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondria?

A

1) They are the major sites of the production of ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
2) They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane that is infolded to produce cristae
3) They contain their own DNA
4) They can produce some of their proteins
5) They can replicate independently of the cell

73
Q

What are the characteristics of centrioles?

A

1) They are cylindrical organelles
2) They are located in the centrosome
3) Has a pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules

74
Q

What are the characteristics of centrosome?

A

1) It is a specialized zone of the cytoplasm

2) It is the site of microtubule formation

75
Q

Microtubules are called as what?

A

Spindle fibers

76
Q

What is the characteristic of microtubules?

A

They extend out in all directions from the centrosome

77
Q

What is the characteristic of spindle fibers?

A

They are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

78
Q

What is the purpose of centrioles?

A

They form the bases of cilia and flagella

79
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

To move substances over the surface of cells

80
Q

What is the characteristic of flagella (in comparison w/ cilia)?

A

Flagella are much longer than cilia

81
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

They propel sperm cells

82
Q

What are the functions of microvilli?

A

1) Increase the surface area of cell

2) Aid in absorption and secretion

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Lecture) (17 decks)

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