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Pathology > Normal Biochem Values > Flashcards

Normal Biochem Values Flashcards

0
Q

Creatinine

A

62-124 mmol/l
Increased in all types renal disease
Reciprocal with GFR

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1
Q

Urea

A

2.5-6.6 mmol/L
Indicates renal function
Increased in renal disease, high protein diet, fever, GI bleed

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2
Q

Albumin

A

35-50g/l
Severity of protein losses in proteinurea
Low - nephrotic syndrome. High - dehydration

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3
Q

Sodium

A

135-145mmol/l
Hypernatraemia - dehydration
Hyponatraemia - excess fluid - CHF, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, Excess ADH

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4
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5mmol/l
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia

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5
Q

Arterial p02

A

10.6-13 kPa

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6
Q

pCO2

A

4.7-6kPa

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7
Q

Haemaglobin

A

Male 13.5-18.0 g/dl

Female 11.5-16.0 g/dl

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8
Q

ESR - Eosinophil Sedimentation Rate

A

<15mm/h

Increased in infection, vasculitis

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9
Q

PSA

A

Increased in prostatic carcinoma, metastatic disease

Use to monitor therapy success

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10
Q

Urate

A

0.12-0.42mmol/l
Increased in renal and urinary calculi
And large tumours given chemo ‘tumour lysis’ syndrome

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11
Q

Calcium

A

2-2.6mmol/L

Increased in renal and urinary calculi

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12
Q

MCV

A

77-95f

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13
Q

Packed Cell Volume (haematocrit)

A

45% men

40% women

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

2-7.5
Raised in bacterial infections
Decreased in viral infections, sepsis

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

1.3-3.5
Raised in viral infections
Decreased in steroids, AIDS, chemo/radiotherapy

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16
Q

Platelet count

A

150-400 * 10^9

Decreased = thrombocytopenia - avoid aspirin!

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17
Q

MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin)

A

27-32pg / cell

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18
Q

High sodium

A

Almost always dehydration

Rehydrate

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19
Q

Low sodium, dry

A

Diuretics
Acute renal failure
Addison’s disease

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20
Q

Low sodium, euvolaemic

A

Acute renal failure
Too much dextrose
Liver disease
Diuretics

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21
Q

Low sodium, fluid overload

A

Cardiac failure
Too much dextrose
Nephrotic syndrome

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22
Q

High potassium causes

A

Lysed sample - too old
Acute renal failure
Potassium sparing diuretics / ACE inhibitors
Addison’s disease

23
Q

Low potassium

A 
Diuretics
Steroids, salbutamol
Severe illness inc MI, sepsis
Liver disease
Heart disease
Diarrhoea
24
Q

High calcium

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism (check PTH)
Malignancy
Excess vitamin D

25
Q

Low calcium

A

Lack of vit D
Chronic renal failure
Acute pancreatitis
Hypoparathyroidism

26
Q

High urea

A

Renal failure
Dehydration
GI bleed
Steroids

27
Q

Low urea

A

Small person
Malnutrition
Liver disease

28
Q

High creatinine

A

Renal failure
Trimethoprim
High red meat intake

29
Q

Low albumin

A

Infection/inflammation
Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome
Liver disease

30
Q

Raised CRP

A 
Infection
Vasculitis
Malignancy
Pancreatitis
Trauma
31
Q

Raised ESR

A

As CRP (infection, malignancy)
+ SLE
Anaemia
Myeloma

32
Q

Raised creatinine kinase

A 
MI
Mechanical muscle damage
Statins
Hypothyroidism
IM injection/infection
33
Q

Raised bilirubin

A

Gallstones (common bile duct)
Pancreatic cancer
Liver metastases
Hepatitis / alcoholic liver disease

34
Q

Raised ALT

A

Specific to hepatocellular damage

Hepatitis, gallstones, liver metastases

35
Q

Raised alkaline phosphatase

A

Liver disease

Bone disease

36
Q

Raised haemoglobin

A

Dehydration
Secondary polycythaemia - due to COPD, fibrotic lung disease, cyanotic heart disease
Polycythaemia rubra Vera

37
Q

Neutropenia

A 
Overwhelming infection
Typhoid
Bone marrow failure
Chemotherapy
SLE
38
Q

Lymphopaenia

A 
Infection - esp viral
SLE
Steroids
Lymphoma
Chemo/radio therapy
39
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Infection/inflammation
Stress response - DKA/MI/bleeding
Malignancy
Steroids

40
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Parasitic infection
Malignancy esp with metastases
Vasculitis
Systemic allergic disorders

41
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Viral infection
TB, whooping cough, brucellosis
Lymphoma

42
Q

High MCV anaemia

A

B12/folate deficiency
Reactive to acute haemorrhage
Hypothyroidism

43
Q

Low MCV anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Look for source if blood loss

44
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia of chronic disease
Sideroblastic anaemia
Combined iron and B12/folate deficiency
Chronic renal failure

45
Q

Low platelets

A

Artefact (clumping)
Bone marrow failure - malignancy, leukaemia
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Autoimmune - SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome

46
Q

High platelets

A

Reactive - infection, inflammation, stress response

Essential thrombocytosis

47
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

pH <4.8
Bicarbonate low
DKA, renal failure, lactic acidosis

48
Q

Lactic acidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis
Low pCO2, low bicarbonate
From liver failure, shock, profound hypoxia, systemic inflammatory response

49
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

pH >7.45, pCO2 >6.1, bicarbonate high
Causes
Vomiting, bicarbonate excess, hypokalaemia

50
Q

Respiratory acidosis - acute

A

pH 6.1

normal or high bicarbonate

51
Q

Respiratory acidosis (compensated)

A

pH 7.36-7.40
pCO2 >6.1
Bicarbonate high

52
Q

Respiratory acidosis causes

A 
Failure to ventilate adequately (COPD)
Exhaustion from pneumonia, acute asthma
Neuromuscular problems
Mechanical problems
Sedative drugs - opioids
53
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

pH >7.45 , pCO2<4.8 , normal/low bicarbonate

Hypoxia, pain, asprinOD, intracranial catastrophe, anxiety

54
Q

Bilirubin

A

Normal s syndrome, haemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis
Hyperbilirubinaemia - other liver biochem abnormalities
Very high - most often biliary tract obstruction

55
Q

Aminotransferases

A 
Present in hepatocytes, leak with damage eg acute hepatitis
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more liver specific
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) also MI, skeletal muscle
56
Q

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

A

Normal male <32U/l
Liver microsomal enzyme
Induced by alcohol / enzyme inducing drugs eg phenytoin
Screen for alcohol misuse

Pathology (15 decks)

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