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Pathology > Normal Biochem Values > Flashcards

Normal Biochem Values Flashcards

0
Q

Creatinine

A

62-124 mmol/l
Increased in all types renal disease
Reciprocal with GFR

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1
Q

Urea

A

2.5-6.6 mmol/L
Indicates renal function
Increased in renal disease, high protein diet, fever, GI bleed

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2
Q

Albumin

A

35-50g/l
Severity of protein losses in proteinurea
Low - nephrotic syndrome. High - dehydration

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3
Q

Sodium

A

135-145mmol/l
Hypernatraemia - dehydration
Hyponatraemia - excess fluid - CHF, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, Excess ADH

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4
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5mmol/l
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia

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5
Q

Arterial p02

A

10.6-13 kPa

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6
Q

pCO2

A

4.7-6kPa

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7
Q

Haemaglobin

A

Male 13.5-18.0 g/dl

Female 11.5-16.0 g/dl

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8
Q

ESR - Eosinophil Sedimentation Rate

A

<15mm/h

Increased in infection, vasculitis

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9
Q

PSA

A

Increased in prostatic carcinoma, metastatic disease

Use to monitor therapy success

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10
Q

Urate

A

0.12-0.42mmol/l
Increased in renal and urinary calculi
And large tumours given chemo ‘tumour lysis’ syndrome

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11
Q

Calcium

A

2-2.6mmol/L

Increased in renal and urinary calculi

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12
Q

MCV

A

77-95f

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13
Q

Packed Cell Volume (haematocrit)

A

45% men

40% women

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

2-7.5
Raised in bacterial infections
Decreased in viral infections, sepsis

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

1.3-3.5
Raised in viral infections
Decreased in steroids, AIDS, chemo/radiotherapy

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16
Q

Platelet count

A

150-400 * 10^9

Decreased = thrombocytopenia - avoid aspirin!

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17
Q

MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin)

A

27-32pg / cell

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18
Q

High sodium

A

Almost always dehydration

Rehydrate

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19
Q

Low sodium, dry

A

Diuretics
Acute renal failure
Addison’s disease

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20
Q

Low sodium, euvolaemic

A

Acute renal failure
Too much dextrose
Liver disease
Diuretics

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21
Q

Low sodium, fluid overload

A

Cardiac failure
Too much dextrose
Nephrotic syndrome

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22
Q

High potassium causes

A

Lysed sample - too old
Acute renal failure
Potassium sparing diuretics / ACE inhibitors
Addison’s disease

23
Q

Low potassium

A 
Diuretics
Steroids, salbutamol
Severe illness inc MI, sepsis
Liver disease
Heart disease
Diarrhoea
24
High calcium
Primary hyperparathyroidism (check PTH) Malignancy Excess vitamin D
25
Low calcium
Lack of vit D Chronic renal failure Acute pancreatitis Hypoparathyroidism
26
High urea
Renal failure Dehydration GI bleed Steroids
27
Low urea
Small person Malnutrition Liver disease
28
High creatinine
Renal failure Trimethoprim High red meat intake
29
Low albumin
Infection/inflammation Malnutrition Nephrotic syndrome Liver disease
30
Raised CRP
``` Infection Vasculitis Malignancy Pancreatitis Trauma ```
31
Raised ESR
As CRP (infection, malignancy) + SLE Anaemia Myeloma
32
Raised creatinine kinase
``` MI Mechanical muscle damage Statins Hypothyroidism IM injection/infection ```
33
Raised bilirubin
Gallstones (common bile duct) Pancreatic cancer Liver metastases Hepatitis / alcoholic liver disease
34
Raised ALT
Specific to hepatocellular damage | Hepatitis, gallstones, liver metastases
35
Raised alkaline phosphatase
Liver disease | Bone disease
36
Raised haemoglobin
Dehydration Secondary polycythaemia - due to COPD, fibrotic lung disease, cyanotic heart disease Polycythaemia rubra Vera
37
Neutropenia
``` Overwhelming infection Typhoid Bone marrow failure Chemotherapy SLE ```
38
Lymphopaenia
``` Infection - esp viral SLE Steroids Lymphoma Chemo/radio therapy ```
39
Neutrophilia
Infection/inflammation Stress response - DKA/MI/bleeding Malignancy Steroids
40
Eosinophilia
Parasitic infection Malignancy esp with metastases Vasculitis Systemic allergic disorders
41
Lymphocytosis
Viral infection TB, whooping cough, brucellosis Lymphoma
42
High MCV anaemia
B12/folate deficiency Reactive to acute haemorrhage Hypothyroidism
43
Low MCV anaemia
Iron deficiency Thalassaemia Anaemia of chronic disease Look for source if blood loss
44
Normocytic anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease Sideroblastic anaemia Combined iron and B12/folate deficiency Chronic renal failure
45
Low platelets
Artefact (clumping) Bone marrow failure - malignancy, leukaemia Disseminated intravascular coagulation Autoimmune - SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome
46
High platelets
Reactive - infection, inflammation, stress response | Essential thrombocytosis
47
Metabolic acidosis
pH <4.8 Bicarbonate low DKA, renal failure, lactic acidosis
48
Lactic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis Low pCO2, low bicarbonate From liver failure, shock, profound hypoxia, systemic inflammatory response
49
Metabolic alkalosis
pH >7.45, pCO2 >6.1, bicarbonate high Causes Vomiting, bicarbonate excess, hypokalaemia
50
Respiratory acidosis - acute
pH 6.1 | normal or high bicarbonate
51
Respiratory acidosis (compensated)
pH 7.36-7.40 pCO2 >6.1 Bicarbonate high
52
Respiratory acidosis causes
``` Failure to ventilate adequately (COPD) Exhaustion from pneumonia, acute asthma Neuromuscular problems Mechanical problems Sedative drugs - opioids ```
53
Respiratory alkalosis
pH >7.45 , pCO2<4.8 , normal/low bicarbonate | Hypoxia, pain, asprinOD, intracranial catastrophe, anxiety
54
Bilirubin
Normal s syndrome, haemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis Hyperbilirubinaemia - other liver biochem abnormalities Very high - most often biliary tract obstruction
55
Aminotransferases
``` Present in hepatocytes, leak with damage eg acute hepatitis Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more liver specific Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) also MI, skeletal muscle ```
56
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
Normal male <32U/l Liver microsomal enzyme Induced by alcohol / enzyme inducing drugs eg phenytoin Screen for alcohol misuse

Pathology (15 decks)

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