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Movement Disorders > Normal and Abnormal Gait > Flashcards

Normal and Abnormal Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Pros/cons of visual gait analysis

A 
-simplest form of analysis
BUT
-no permanent records
-unable to perform on high speed movements
-limited to movements we can see
-depends on skills of observer
-only "moderately reliable"
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2
Q

Full gait assessment includes

A

links gait abnormalities to other information about the patient

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3
Q

Video recording

A

30-60 up to 120 frames/sec

  • provides permanent record
  • helps view high speed movements
  • limits # walks a patient has to complete
  • able to show to patient
  • helps teaching gait analysis to someone else
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4
Q

Camera position

A
  • A/P and lateral views
  • 4 to 5 meters from patient
  • whole body and then zoom in from waist down
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5
Q

Max co-contract bw hamstrings and quads occurs at what degree knee flexion?

A

30 degrees

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6
Q

Pronation consists of…

A

DF in sagittal plane
Eversion in frontal plane
Abduction in transverse plane

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7
Q

Supination consists of…

A

PF in sagittal plane
Inversion in frontal plane
Adduction in transverse plane

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8
Q

Planes/axes review

A

Sagittal- M/L
Frontal- A/P
Transverse - vertical

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9
Q

Movement of the foot in loading response

A
  • lands in supination and rolls to pronation (provides shock absorption)
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10
Q

Gait cycle in walking: stance. vs. swing

A

Stance - 60%
Swing - 40%
1 second to complete entire gait cycle

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11
Q

Stance Phase

A

60%

  • initial contact/loading response
  • midstance/opp toe off
  • terminal stance/heel rise
  • pre-swing/opp initial contact
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12
Q

Swing Phase

A

40%

  • toe off/initial swing
  • feet adjacent/mid swing
  • tibia vertical/terminal swing
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13
Q

Step vs. Stride length

A

Step length is from (R) initial contact to (L) initial contact
Stride length is from (R) initial contact to (R) initial contact

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14
Q

Cadence

A
  • Temporal
  • # of footfalls in a given time period
  • normal: 90-130 steps/minute
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15
Q

Stride Length

A
  • Spatial

- normal: 1.1 to 1.7 meters

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16
Q

Speed

A
  • Spatial-temporal
  • rate of forward progression
  • normal: 0.9-1.7 m/s
17
Q

Base of Support

A
  • spatial
  • space between feet
  • normal: 4 inches
18
Q

Hip ROM during gait

A
  • max flexion in late swing and initial contact (25 degrees)
  • extends during most of stance (20 degrees)
  • flexes from late stance to late swing
19
Q

Knee ROM during gait

A
  • full extension at initial contact (0 degrees)
  • flexes then extends in stance (shock absorption)
  • full extension in late stance
  • flexes then extends in swing
20
Q

Amount of knee flexion required for normal swing phase

A

40-50 degrees

21
Q

Ankle ROM during gait

A
  • neutral at initial contact
  • PF during loading response (10 degrees)
  • DF as stance progresses (10 degrees)
  • PF during pre-swing (25 degrees)
  • neutral in early swing
22
Q

Toe extension required for normal gait

A

60-70 degrees

23
Q

Glut max EMG muscle activation

A
  • contracts end swing through stance
  • concentric at initial contact
  • concentric at opposite toe off
24
Q

Iliopsoas EMG muscle activation

A
  • contracts late stance into swing

- concentric

25
Q

Quad EMG muscle activation

A
  • contracts end stance and beginning of swing, then again in end swing to stance
  • eccentric during loading response
26
Q

HS EMG muscle activation

A
  • contracts in late swing and early stance

- mostly eccentric to slow the knee down during stance

27
Q

Triceps surae EMG muscle activation

A
  • contracts during stance

- initially eccentric to slow everything down, then concentric for push off

28
Q

Tib anterior EMG muscle activation

A
  • all swing and early/late stance

- eccentric during initial contact/stance, concentric during swing

29
Q

Ground reaction forces

A

Behind the ankle: plantarflexion
Behind the knee: flexion
Behind the hip: extension

30
Q

Common trunk gait abnormalities

A
  • lateral trunk bend (hip and/or knee patho)
  • anterior trunk bend (knee patho)
  • posterior trunk bend (glut max weak/hip patho)
31
Q

Common hip gait abnormalities

A
  • limb length inequality resulting in:
    • circumduction
    • hip hike
    • steppage
    • vaulting
32
Q

Common knee gait abnormalities

A
  • excessive knee extension (weak quads)

- excessive knee flexion (quads weak/knee patho)

33
Q

Common ankle gait abnormalities

A
  • inadequate DF

- inadequate push off

34
Q

Lateral trunk bending

A
  • Trendelenburg
  • trunk moves sideways over supporting leg
  • decreases trunk’s lever arm
  • decreases moment generated
  • abductors don’t have to generate such a high moment
35
Q

Anterior trunk bend

A
  • brings line of force in front of knee at initial contact

- compensates for weak knee extensors

36
Q

Posterior trunk bend

A
  • brings line of force behind hip joint at initial contat

- compensates for weak hip extensors

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