Normal and abnormal data

Question 1

Joint Inspection

Answer 1

Normal Findings:
Joint size and contour normal
Skin: Uniform color, no swelling, masses, or deformities
Abnormal Findings:
Swelling (e.g., effusion, inflammation, bony enlargement)
Deformities: Dislocation, subluxation, contracture, ankylosis

Question 2

Palpation

Answer 2

Normal Findings:
No warmth, tenderness, swelling, or masses
Synovial membrane not palpable
Normal joint fluid not palpable
Abnormal Findings:
Warmth/tenderness → Inflammation
Thickened synovial membrane → Doughy or boggy
Palpable fluid shifts with pressure

Question 3

Range of Motion (ROM)

Answer 3

Normal Findings:
Smooth movement in all planes
No pain, limitations, or crepitation
Abnormal Findings:
Limited ROM → Joint disease
Articular: Limits all planes
Extra-articular: Specific movements
Crepitation → Arthritis

Question 4

Muscle Testing

Answer 4

Normal Findings:
Symmetrical strength (Grade 5/5)
Full resistance against opposing force
Abnormal Findings:
Weakness (Grade <5/5)
Asymmetry or involuntary movements

Question 5

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Answer 5

Normal Findings:
Smooth motion, no pain or tenderness
Vertical motion: 3–6 cm
Lateral motion: 1–2 cm
Abnormal Findings:
Crepitus or pain
Limited motion
Swelling or asymmetry

Question 6

Cervical Spine

Answer 6

Normal Findings:
Spine straight, head erect
ROM: Flexion 45°, extension 55°, lateral bending 40°, rotation 70°
Abnormal Findings:
Limited ROM
Pain or tenderness
Muscle spasm or asymmetry

Question 7

Shoulders

Answer 7

Normal Findings:
Symmetrical, no redness or swelling
ROM: Flexion 180°, hyperextension 50°, abduction 180°, adduction 50°, internal/external rotation 90°
Abnormal Findings:
Pain with motion or palpation
Swelling or deformity
Limited ROM (e.g., rotator cuff lesion)

Question 8

Elbow

Answer 8

Normal Findings:
Symmetrical, no swelling or tenderness
ROM: Flexion 150–160°, extension 0°, pronation/supination 90°
Abnormal Findings:
Swelling or redness (e.g., gouty arthritis)
Deformity (e.g., subluxation)
Limited ROM or pain

Question 9

Wrist and Hand

Answer 9

Normal Findings:
No swelling, redness, or deformities
ROM: Flexion 90°, hyperextension 70°, ulnar deviation 50–60°, radial deviation 20°
Abnormal Findings:
Limited ROM or pain
Deformities (e.g., boutonnière, Dupuytren’s contracture)
Swelling or nodules (e.g., Heberden’s nodes)

Question 10

ROM

Answer 10

Full active and passive ROM without pain or crepitus

Limited ROM, pain, crepitus, stiffness (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis)

Question 11

Tenderness of joints

Answer 11

None

Localized tenderness (e.g., joint inflammation, bursitis)

Question 12

Bulk

Answer 12

Normal, symmetrical size

Atrophy (e.g., disuse, nerve damage), hypertrophy (compensatory overuse)

Question 13

Tone

Answer 13

Firm, smooth

Hypotonia (e.g., neurological disorder), spasticity

Question 14

Shape

Answer 14

Normal alignment; no deformities

Deformities (e.g., fractures, bowing, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis)

Question 15

Tenderness of muscles

Answer 15

None

Localized tenderness (e.g., fracture, osteomyelitis)

Question 16

Pain

Answer 16

None

Pain with or without movement (e.g., sharp in fractures, deep in metastatic disease)

Question 17

Posture and Alignment

Answer 17

Upright, head aligned with shoulders, symmetrical landmarks

Postural abnormalities (e.g., scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis)

Question 18

Gait

Answer 18

Smooth, even, coordinated

Limping, shuffling, uneven weight bearing

Question 19

Strength rating

Answer 19

5/5 (full strength against resistance)

Grades 0–4: Weakness, asymmetry

Question 20

Pain with Resistance

Answer 20

None

Pain during resistance (suggests strain, inflammation, or injury)