normal

Question 1

6000 l/day

Answer 1

250-300 g

Question 2

LV s 1.5 cm thick atria .2 RV 0.5

Answer 2

starling’s law heart pumps out al the VR gien to it
Left ventricular myocytes are arranged circumferentially
in a spiral orientation that helps to generate
a coordinated wave of contraction that spreads from the
apex to the base of the heart

Question 3

muscle histology

Answer 3

striation, central nucleus, sarcolemma, mitochodria,sarc. reticulum

Question 4

AV tricuspid
mitral
13 and 11

Answer 4

semilunar 8 pulmonary and 6 aortic

Question 5

Heart failure

Answer 5

With excessive dilation, the overlap of the actin and myosin
filaments is reduced and the force of contraction decreases
sharply, leading to heart failure

Question 6

arrythmias

Answer 6

coordinated beating of cardiac myocytes depends
on intercalated discs(intrcellular junctions)
Within the intercalated discs (and at the lateral
borders of adjacent myocytes), gap junctions facilitate synchronized
waves of myocyte contraction by permitting
rapid movement of ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium)
between adjoining cells
Abnormalities in the spatial distribution
of gap junctions in a variety of heart diseases can
cause electromechanical dysfunction

Question 7

VALVES(FSV)

Answer 7

Lined by endothelium and have
a tri-layered structure
• A dense collagenous core (fibrosa) at the outflow
surface and connected to the valvular supporting
structures
• A central core of loose connective tissue (spongiosa)
• A layer rich in elastin (ventricularis or atrialis depending
on which chamber it faces) on the inflow surface