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Offspring > Norm Sex Diff > Flashcards

Norm Sex Diff Flashcards

1
Q

What is sexual determination?

A

→Genetically controlled process dependent on the ‘switch’ on the Y chromosome.

→Chromosomal determination of male or female.

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2
Q

What is sexual differentiation?

A

→The process by which internal and external genitalia develop as male or
female.

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3
Q

At what stage in embryo development does SRY gene switch on briefly?

A

→ >7 weeks

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4
Q

What are the two hormones made by the testis?

A

→ AMH by Sertoli cells
→Testosterone by Leydig cells

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5
Q

What is SRY?

A

→ DNA binding protein that acts as a transcription
factor

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6
Q

Where is the critical site of DNA binding?

A

→ upstream of SOX9 which is also a transcription factor

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7
Q

What can SOX9 do?

A

→ can bind its own upstream activation
site so its levels remain high even if SRY
declines

→positive feedback

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8
Q

What is the relationship between SOX9 and SRY?

A

→SRY determines executive policy and SOX9 implements it

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9
Q

How does SOX9 achieve its effects- 4 ways?

A

→Stimulates production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) by the pre-sertoli cells
→SOX9 stimulates production of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9)
→SOX9 stimulates the production of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
→Inhibition of female transcription factors WNT4 and FOXL2

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10
Q

How does PGD2 acts as a positive feedback in the Sertoli pathway?

A

→ paracrine hormone to stimulate further SOX9 production in these cells.

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11
Q

How does FGF9 act as a third positive feedback?

A

→acts as a
chemotactic factor for cell migration into the developing testis
→stimulates the production of SOX9

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12
Q

What are the gonadal precursors derived from?

A

→common somatic mesenchymal tissue precursors- the genital ridge

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13
Q

Where is the genital ridge located?

A

→ posterior wall of lower thoracic lumbar region

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14
Q

What are the three waves of cells that invade the genital ridge?

A

→primordial
→primitive
→mesonephric

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15
Q

What do primordial germ cells become?

A

→ sperm
→ooyctes

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16
Q

What do primitive sex cords become?

A

→seroli cells
→granulosa cells

17
Q

What do mesonephric cells become?

A

→Leydig (do not express SRY)
→basement membrane continuing to form seminiferous tubules and rete testis
→Theca

18
Q

Describe the primordial germ cell migration

A

→small cluster of cells in the epithelium of the yolk sac expands by mitosis at around 3
weeks

→migrate to the connective tissue of the hind gut region of the hind gut

19
Q

What do Sertoli cells become?

A

→express AMH

20
Q

Where do mesonephric cells originate from?

A

→mesonephric primordium
→lateral to the genital ridges

21
Q

What do Leydig cells express?

A

→androgens

22
Q

Why Wolfian ducts regress in females?

A

→lack of testosterone

23
Q

Which enzyme is involved in conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

→5-a-reductase

24
Q

What are the three things DHT cause in male genitalia?

A

→Clitoral area enlarges into penis
→Labia fuse and become ruggated to form scrotum
→Prostate forms

25
Q

Define gender

A

social construction relating to behaviours
and attributes based on labels of masculinity and
femininity

26
Q

Define psychosexual neutrality

A

→view that gender assignment of a new-born with ambiguous genitalia can be made regardless of the endocrine history

27
Q

What is neural bias?

A

→idea that a tendency for male and female is already present neonates as a result of prenatal factors such as hormonal milieu in utero

28
Q

What is the phonological evidence for differences in female and male brains?

A

→fMRI detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity.

29
Q

What are some evidence for morphological differences in brains of females and males?

A

→amygdala larger in males- positive correlation for aggressive behaviour
→left amygdala more active in women- memory and social cognition
→hippocampus contains more grey matter in females- memory and social cognition
→third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus as bigger in heterosexual males than homosexual males.

Offspring (5 decks)

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