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CRAAB 1 > Nordgren: CV Overview > Flashcards

Nordgren: CV Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system in homeostasis?

A

To maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What are the major fluid compartments and the approximate volumes for each?

A

ICF- w/in cells
30L (40% of body weight)

ECF outside cells
Interstitial= 12 L (80% of ECF)
Plasma=3L (20% of ECF)

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3
Q

What are the two types of ECF?

A

interstitial- between cells, source of nutrients and waste deposit

plasma- fluid portion of blood and lymph

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4
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow, blood pressure and vascular resistance?

A

Flow = pressure difference /resistance

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5
Q

What is the average CO?

A

5-6 L/min

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6
Q

What are physical factors that affect resistance?

A

length of tube
radius
viscosity

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7
Q

What is the equation that relates resistance to flow?

A

poiseuille equation

flow= change in pressure x radius/
Length and viscosity

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8
Q

What happens to flow as radius increases? As length and viscosity increases?

A

increase in radius > increase in flow

increase in length/viscosity> decrease in flow

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9
Q

When does flow occur?

A

When there is a change in pressure difference (direction is from high to low P)

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10
Q

What is the primary job of the heart?

A

maintain pressure gradient

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11
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

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12
Q

What side of the heart is oxygenated?

A

LEFT

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13
Q

Describe the path of blood through the heart.

A 
non-oxygenated blood from body>
RA>
RV>
lungs> gets oxygenated>
LA>
LV>
The body
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14
Q

How does blood flow get to heart tissue?

A

via coronary arteries

carry oxygen and nutrients required for normal functioning of cardiac muscle

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15
Q

What are the three main coronary arteries?

A

right coronary artery
Circumflex coronary artery
Left main coronary artery

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16
Q

How does blood pass from the aorta to the coronary arteries?

A

through little openings (coronary ostia) in the cusps of aortic valves

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17
Q

Why are valves present in the heart?

A

To dictate one way flow of blood

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18
Q

What reduces the possibility of valve eversion?

A

chordae tendinae and papillary muscles connect to atrio-ventricular valves

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19
Q

The RIGHT atrio-ventricular valve is the….

A

TRICUSPID

RST

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20
Q

The LEFT atrio-ventricular valve is the…

A

BICUSPID/MITRAL

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21
Q

What valves are located between the ventricles and the arteries?

A

Semilunar valves- each has 3 cup like leaflets

Pulmonary and aortic vlaves

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22
Q

What is systole?

A

ventricular contraction

23
Q

What is diastole?

A

ventricular relaxation

24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood ejected per beat

EDV (heart relaxed) - ESV (heart contracted)

25
Q

What is HR?

A

number of beats per minute

26
Q

What is CO?

A

Volume/min pumped out of the heart

SV (volume/beat) x HR (beat/min)

27
Q

What initiates heart contractions?

A

electrical stimulus

28
Q

What leads to automacticity in the heart?

A

pacemaker cells have an unstable membrane potential

29
Q

What is the path of electrical conduction in the heart?

A 
SA node > 
atrial tissues>
internodal tracts>
AV node>
bundle of his>
purkinje fibers>
ventricles
30
Q

What allows for the spread of electrical conduction?

A

gap junctions

31
Q

What is required to pass the impulse to the ventricle?

A

AV node

32
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

RA

33
Q

Where are the internodal tracts?

A

between the SA node and the AV node

34
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

Between the atria and ventricles of the heart. Connects the two

35
Q

Where is bachmans bundle located?

A

in the LA

36
Q

Where are the purkinje fibers locate?

A

in the apex of the heart

37
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

Decrease HR (SA node)
Decrease AP conduction velocity (AV node)
Decrease force of contraction

38
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

increase HR
increase AP conduction velocity
Increase force of contraction
increase rate of contraction/relaxation

39
Q

What is Starlings law of the heart?

A

The heart pumps what it receives!

If cardiac filling increases during diastole the volume ejected during systole also increases.

40
Q

What most strongly influences SV/CO?

A

cardiac filling during diastole

41
Q

What are the 5 basic requirements for effective ventricular pumping?

A
  1. Contractions of individual cardiac muscle cells must be at REGULAR intervals and SYNCRHONIZED
  2. Valves must open fully
  3. valves must not leak
  4. Muscle contractions must be forceful
  5. Ventricles must fill adequately during diastole
42
Q

What causes arrythmia?

A

When contraction of individual muscle cells aren’t synchronized

43
Q

What is stenosis?

A

When valves don’t open fully

44
Q

What does it mean if a valve is regurgitant?

A

it leaks

45
Q

What does it mean if a heart is failing?

A

Muscle contractions aren’t forceful enough

46
Q

What are the major roles of arteries?

A

Pressure reservoir

divergent flow

47
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

Site of diffusion

48
Q

What is the main role of veins?

A

Volume reservoir

Convergent flow

49
Q

What causes constriction of arterioles, venules and veins?

A

Sympathetic nerve activity> reduction in diameter and decreased blood flow

50
Q

How do metabolic changes affect arteriolar smooth muscle?

A

Increased tissue metabolic rate>
arteriolar dilation>
increased tissue blood flow

51
Q

What is the basic composition of the fluid and cellular portions of blood?

A

Blood cells- 40% blood volume
red- Oxygen
white- immunity
platelet- clotting

Plasma- liquid blood ocmponent
electrolytes
proteins

52
Q

What regulates blood flow through individual organs?

A

changes in diameters of their arterioles

53
Q

What does blood do?

A

Suspension of red, white and platelets in plasma that carry gases, salts, nutrients and waste molecules.

CRAAB 1 (11 decks)

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