Nonverbal communication

Question 1

Encoding NVC

Answer 1

Sending nonverbal cues

Question 2

Decoding NVC

Answer 2

Receiving nonverbal cues

Question 3

Dominance (body posture)

Answer 3

People rate someone standing as more dominant than someone sitting and dominance can be identified through body and head posture in 40 milliseconds

Question 4

Politicians (body posture)

Answer 4

Participants rate dominance of politicians through coded movements and overall posture of stick figure animations. Speakers were rated higher in dominance when movements were expansive and frequent

Question 5

Memory (body posture)

Answer 5

8 memories were recalled when holding congruent (lean back, open mouth and tell memory of when at a dentist) and incongruent (stand next to a bookshelf with your hands on it and tell a memory of opening a door for a visitor). Congruent pose associated with better memory generation and recall (14 days later)

Question 6

Romantic attraction (body posture)

Answer 6

Online dating profiles were manipulated to feature pictures with expansive or contractive poses. Profiles with expansive posture increased likelihood of ‘yes’ response

Question 7

Culture and power (body posture)

Answer 7

4 poses (expansive-hands-spread-on-desk, expansive-upright-sitting, expansive-feet-on-desk, constricted-sitting) compared between people born in USA and East Asia. Constricted pose had similar ratings. Expansive-feet-on-desk had greater power in USA and in Asia they reported it lower power than constricted pose

Question 8

Eye gaze

Answer 8

Participants wore head-mounted eye trackers during 4 minute acquaintance conversation. Perceived eye contact occurred for around 70% of conversation but actual eye contact only occurred up to 45% of conversation and mutual face gaze occurred for 60% of conversation

Question 9

Fake smiling (facial expressions)

Answer 9

Participants asked to fake genuine smiles and imitate genuine smiles from photographs. Raters were asked to judge smile genuineness of faked smiles. Rated genuineness of faked smiles correlated with the ability to deliberately produce smiles with eyes

Question 10

Decoding smiles (facial expressions)

Answer 10

Participants watched short videos of genuine or faked smiles while activity in their own facial musculature was measured. More positive muscle movement for zygomaticus major and obicularis occuli for genuine smile movement and more negative muscle activity for corrugator supercillii

Question 11

Proxemics

Answer 11

Amount of space people feel is necessary to set between themselves and others

Question 12

Social needs (proxemics)

Answer 12

Children watched video depicting ostracism of someone else or a new video depicting an interaction. Children then picked a seat in a row of chairs with an experimenter at one end. Children who watched ostracism chose to sit closer to experimenter

Question 13

Physical similarity (proxemics)

Answer 13

Analysed seating pattern in computer labs, classrooms and in hypothetical scenarios. People chose to sit close to others who looked like them even when controlling for sex and race

Question 14

Gestures vs facial expressions

Answer 14

Watched short videos of an actor displaying congruent or incongruent facial expressions and gestures. Instructed to attend to the face or hand and report valence of it. Face-attended individuals had slower reaction times for incongruent expressions. Gesture-attended had overall longer reaction times

Question 15

Haptic

Answer 15

Touch used to communicate emotions (hitting, pushing, stroking)

Question 16

Function of emotions

Answer 16

Direct behavioural responses, direct cognition, deal with situations present, navigate environmental demands and opportunities

Question 17

Broaden and build theory

Answer 17

Broaden cognition –> build resources –> greater wellbeing –> positive emotions –> broaden cognition

Question 18

Find-remind-bind theory of gratitude

Answer 18

Alerts person to viable new relationship partner (find) –> makes them aware of existing valuable relationship partners (remind) –> encourages relationship building behaviours with these people (bind)

Question 19

Gratitude induction paradigm

Answer 19

Participant and confederate complete individual task. Gratitude condition is where the computer breaks and the confederate fixes it and control condition does not have the computer break. Another confederate comes over asking for help with logic task. Gratitude condition spent 25 minutes help whereas control only spent 15 minutes. Participants were then given a game with 4 tokens which were worth $1 when kept but $2 when given to other player. Gratitude condition were more likely to give tokens compared to neutral. Then completed a ball throwing game where they could throw ball to monetary target or confederate from first task or neutral individual. Would mostly throw to monetary target but if not it would be thrown to gratitude confederate. Gratitude condition were threw ball 3 times to gratitude confederate but control group only threw it 2 times to confederate

Question 20

Moral elevation

Answer 20

Positive emotional response to witnessing virtuous actions committed by others which promotes prosocial behaviour

Question 21

Helping behaviour (moral elevation)

Answer 21

Participants watched elevating video, documentary video or amusing video. Elevation group spent 40 minutes helping with tedious task, amusing group spent 25 minutes and documentary spent 20 minutes helping

Question 22

Money donation (moral elevation)

Answer 22

Participants watched morally elevating video or control video. Moral elevation video donated $35 to charity where control group only donated $20

Question 23

Prosocial helping (compassion)

Answer 23

Participants complete one0day compassion training or memory training and continued practice for 3 days. Played a video game where they could close or open gates for others. Compassion training had higher percentage of helping post-training and compared to memory training

Question 24

Generosity (compassion)

Answer 24

Participants watched short video depicting suffering others, no video or neutral video before making dictator game decision to divide points between themselves and another person. No video gave 42% of points, neutral video gave 31% and suffering video gave 71% of points