Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 245 > Nonspecific Host Defense > Flashcards

Nonspecific Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunity

A

Ability to ward off disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Defenses against any pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Immune System

A

immune system also includes fast-acting components collectively called the innate or nonspecific system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

innate immunity

A

first line of defense

  • intact skin
  • Mucous membranes and their section
  • normal microbiota

second line of defense

  • phagocytes
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Third line of defense

  • specialized lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
  • antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Physical Factors

A 
Skin
Epidermis
consists of tightly packed cells with
◦Keratin, a protective protein
Mucous membranes Mucus: Traps microbes
 Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are
transported away from the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specialized Mucosa

A

mucus reduces mobility of pathogen

specialized mucosae include stomach (acidic)
and respiratory tract (cilia beat mucus away from lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Washes eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Saliva

A

Washes microbes off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Urine

A

Flows out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vaginal secretions

A

Flows out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity

A

Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion:
Normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment
Commensal microbiota: One organism (microbe)
benefits and the other (host) is unharmed
◦May be opportunistic pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

surveillance

A

cells/proteins of the immune
system travel throughout the body [they are
present in all fluid compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

recognition

A

crucial step; cells and protein

components of the immune system examine surface markers (PAMPS) to distinguish self from nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

destruction

A

usually by phagocytosis

neutrophil or macrophage

18
Q

blood vessels

A

contains blood which is composed of fluid (plasma) and “cells” (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets)
fluid component leaks from capillaries to ECF (sometimes leukocytes follow)
b) b) extracellular compartment – contains extracellular fluid
(ECF) that “washes” the cells of body tissues

19
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

collects the “washings” (now called
lymph) and delivers it back to the blood by connections with veins near the heart as lymph travels through the lymphatic vessels, it passes
through lymph nodes where immune cells (leukocytes) are present in large numbers

20
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Transport O2 and CO2

21
Q

White Blood Cells:

A

Neutrophils:Phagocytosis

Basophiles: Histamine

Eosinophils:
Kill parasites

Monocytes:
Phagocytosis

Dendritic cells: Phagocytosis

Natural killer cells: Destroy target cells

T cells:
Cell-mediated immunity

B cells:
Produce antibodies

22
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting

23
Q

Percentage of each type of white cell

A 
Neutrophils
60–70%
Basophils
0.5–1%
Eosinophils
2–4%
Monocytes
3–8%
Lymphocytes
20–25%
24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

3rd line of defense; these cells have no role in
the 2nd line of defense
T lymphocytes (T cells) – kill virus infected cells and cancer cells
B lymphocytes (B cells) – produce antibodies for ‘marking’ pathogens

25
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of | microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes
26
Inflammation
- Redness - Pain - Heat - Swelling (edema) - Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine and kinins) - Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) - Margination and emigration of WBCs - Tissue repair
27
Benefits of Inflammation
a) attracts leukocytes to site of infection b) creates optimum conditions for leukocyte function c) localizes (traps) pathogen; prevents spreading to other areas d) creates optimum conditions for tissue repair
28
Histamine
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
29
Kinins
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
30
Prostaglandins
Intensity histamine and kinin effect
31
Leukotrienes
Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
32
Inflammatory Response
a) cytokines released by cells of damaged tissue or macrophages (upon pathogen binding) b) b) cytokines produce vasodilation (redness, heat) and increased permeability of capillaries cytokines also act as chemoattractants to recruit leukocytes (see diapedesis, below) to the site of infection c) exudate (fluid) now leaves highly permeable capillaries to accumulate in tissue (swelling or edema) d) increased pressure in tissue due to swelling causes pain e) diapedesis: migration of neutrophils and monocytes across capillary wall to tissue f) monocytes become macrophages in tissue
33
Fever: Advantage/disadvantages
Advantages ◦Increases transferrins ◦Increases IL–1 activity ◦Produces Interferon Disadvantages ◦Tachycardia ◦Acidosis ◦Dehydration ◦44–46°C fatal
34
systemic (not local) response to limit growth | (multiplication) of microbes
pyrogens are secreted when leukocytes or macrophages bind pathogen Lipid A from GN bacteria is also a pyrogen b) b) pyrogens circulate to hypothalamus and raise set point for body temperature c) increased temperature causes liver (and macrophages) to sequester iron and zinc d) growth of bugs is inhibited by: increase in temperature (growth of bugs is inhibited and leukocyte function improves) limited iron and zinc
35
interferon
antiviral protein released by cells infected with virus interferon inhibits synthesis and assembly of virions in neighboring (healthy) cells upon entry into healthy cell, virus cannot reproduce and the cell remains uninfected
36
Alpha IFN and Beta IFN
Causes cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
37
Gamma IFN
Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria
38
Complement & 3 mechanisms for complement
i) forms membrane attack complex (MAC) and causes cell death ii) ii) binds to surface of pathogen and ‘marks’ it for destruction by phagocytes iii) iii) promotes inflammation
39
Complement must be activated (complement fixation) by one of two mechanisms before it can destroy pathogens
a) classical pathway – binding of antibody to pathogen b) alternative pathway – direct binding of complement to pathogen
40
Effects of Complement Activiation
Opsonization or immune adherence: Enhanced phagocytosis Membrane attack complex: Cytolysis Attract phagocytes
41
Some Bacteria Evade Complement
- Capsules prevent C activation - Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevents MAC formation - Enzymatic deigestion of C5a.

Biology 245 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions