Non-Verbal Communication Flashcards
What is Verbal Communication?
Conveying a message using words or vocal sound.
What is communication?
Passing information from one person to another
What is Non-Verbal Communication
Conveying a message that does not require the use of words or vocal sounds.
What is Paralinguistics?
Vocal features that accompany speech.
Name a Study into Paralingustics?
Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour.
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour
Aim- To see if tone of voice has any effect when interpreting a verbal message.
Method- Different groups of participants listened to either friendly or hostile messages spoken in either a friendly or hostile tone of voice.
Results- When they were asked to interpret the message, the tone of voice had five times the effect of the verbal message itself.
Conclusion- Tone of voice is extremely important.
What is Eye-Contact?
When two people in conversation are looking at each other’s eyes at the same time.
Name a study into Eye-Contact?
Argyle
Describe the Aim, Method, Results and Conclusion of Argyle
Aim-To see how interrupting eye contact affects conversation
Method- Paris of participants were observed having conversations. In one of the conversations a participant wore dark glasses, so the other participant could not receive any eye contact.
Results- When one of the participants wore dark glasses, there were more pauses and interruptions.
Conclusion- Eye contact is important in ensuring the smooth flow of conversation.
Name three evaluation points of Argyle?
•Observing the participants in a artificial situation may cause the participants to behave in a certain way to normal causing misusing results.
Describe the Aim, Method, Results and Conclusion of Sakckeim?
Aim- To look at the relationship between facial expressions and the hempisheres of the brain.
Method- People were given emotion pictures cut in the middle and it’s mirrored image and asked “which picture they like better?”
Results- The majority of the participants said they preferred the picture of the left half face and its reflection. When asked “why?” they said the person on the picture looked “warmer”.
Conclusion- The left side of the face seems to express emotion much more than the right side.
Name three evaluation points of Sackeim?
- We don’t normally stare at still pictures to judge peoples emiotions.
- Facial Expressions change when people are together.
What is Pupil Dilation?
When the pupils in the eyes expand to look large.
Name a Study into Pupil Dilation?
Hess
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Hess
Aim- To see the effect of pupil dilation on emotion.
Method - Participants were shown two nearly identical pictures of the same girl and asked “which picture was more attracted?” The only difference was the pupil were dilated in picture and not in the other picture.
Results - The majority of the participants said the dilated pupils were more attractive.
Conclusion - Pupil dilation has an unconscious but powerful
effect on emotion.
Name three evaluation points of Hess?
- Has low ecological validity.
- You just randomly wouldn’t give someone two pictures
- Only apply to men who are interested with girls, so only can associate the study with men who are interested in girls.
What is postural echo?
Mirroring another persons body position.
Name a study int postural echo?
Mcginley
Describe the Aim, Method, Results and Conclusion of Mcginley.
Aim - To see the effect of postural echo when having a conversation.
Method - A confederate approached individuals in a social setting and had a conversation with them. In half of the meetings, the confederate echoed the position of the position of the participants, and the rest of the meeting the confederate did not echo the participants.
Results - When the confederate echoed the participant the got on well together, and when they didn’t get echoed, they felt awkward.
Conclusion - Postural echo gives us an unconscious message of friendliness.
Name three evaluation points of Mcginley?
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What is posture?
The positioning of the body.
What is open posture?
Positioning your arms, so they are not folded across the body.
What is closed posture?
Positioning the arms so,they are folded across the body.
Name a study into posture?
McGinley, Leterve and McGinley.
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of McGinley, Leterve and McGinley.
Aim- To see the effect of open and closed posture when having a conversation.
Method- A confederate approached an individual in a social setting and had a conversation. Half of the conversation the confederate adopted the open posture, and in the other half of the confederate adopted the closed posture. After the conversation they were asked what they thought of the confederate?
Results- When the confederate had an open posture he was seen as friendly and attractive, and when he had an closed posture he was seen as unfriendly and unattractive.
Conclusion- The posture that someone adopts will make a difference.
Name three evaluation points of McGinley, Leterve and McGinley.
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What is Gesture?
A non-verbal communication where information is conveyed by movement.
Name a study into Gesture?
Lynn and Mynier.
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Lynn and Mynier?
Aim- To see if hand gestures used by a waiter or waitress will make them receive more tips from customers.
Method- When a waiter/waitress takes an order from a seated customer, they were instructed to squat down because this makes more eye contact possible.
Results - When the waiter/waitress squatted down, larger tips were given compared to them standing up.
Conculsion
Name three evaluation points of Lynn and Mynier?
- The size of the bill effects how much the size of the tip given.
- Different sexes might effect the size of the tip given.
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What is touch?
A non-verbal communication where information is conveyed by physical contact.
Name a study into touch?
Fisher, Rytting, and Heslin
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Fisher, Rytting, and Heslin?
Aim- To see the effect of touch on peoples attitudes.
Method - Female students in a library were greeted by a confederate, who was an librarian giving books out to them. Half of the time, the libarian touched them briefly and the others were not touched at all.
Results- When asked the students, who got touched had an positive attitude towards the library than the ones who were not touched.
Conclusion- Touch will have an unconscious and positive effect on attitudes.
Name three evaluation points of Rytting, and Heslin?
- Only females were touched, so can only apply the results on females.
- Unethical because, the students did not know they were taking part in the experiment.
- High ecological validity (life like).
What is personal space?
The distance we keep between ourselves and other people in our everyday lives.
Name two studies into personal space?
Summer
Willis
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Summer?
Aim- To see if there are cultural differences in the use of personal space
Method- The experimenter observed a group of white English people speaking, and a group of Arabic people in a conversation
Results - The comfortable conversation distance for a white English person was 1-1.5m and the distance for an Arab was much less than that.
Conclusion - The use of personal space in normal conversation varies with culture.
Name three evaluation points into Summer?
- High ecological validity
- Was only used on white English men and Arab men, so can only apply to white English men and Arab men.
- High ethical validity.
Describe the aim, method, results and conclusion of Willis?
Aim - To see if age has an effect on personal space.
Method. Willis observed almost 800 individuals in different social situations.
Results - Those he observed tender to stand closer to people their own age and further away from people either older or younger than themselves.
Conclusion - Age difference affects how close people will stand to one another.
Name three evaluation points into Willis?
- High ecological validity.
- High ethical validity.
- Different sexes could change the personal difference.
