Non-odontogenic tumors Flashcards
What is the typical population of a dog with oral melanoma?
Males
Mean age of 10.5–12 years. (11yo)
Cocker spaniels, Labrador and Golden retrievers or
dog with heavily pigmented oral mucosa.
According to the TNM clinical staging, what are the M stages?
M0 = no evidence of distant mets M1 = distant mets present. You’ve just won stage 4!
According to the TNM clinical staging, what are the ‘‘T’’ stages?
Tis = tumor in situ T1 = tumor < 2cm at max diameter T1a = without bone involvement T1b = with bone involvement T2 = 2 to 4 cm, add substage a and b T3 = more than 4cm, add a and b. This makes you a stage 3 at minimum.
According to the TNM clinical staging, what are the N stages?
N0 = regional LN non palpable (mandibular, retropharyngeal, parotid) N1 = movable ipsilateral LN N1a = no evidence of mets N1b = evidence of mets N2 = movable contralateral LN, add substages a and b N2b (You’ve just upgraded to stage 4!) N3 = fixed LN (Also makes you stage 4)
According to the TNM clinical staging, what does stage 1 mean?
Tumor less than 2cm, no mets in the LN.
According to the TNM clinical staging, what makes a patient stage 3?
Tumor more than 4cm or met to the ipsilateral LN
According to the TNM clinical staging, what automatically makes a patient a stage 4?
Distant metastasis, contralateral LN met or fixed LN
from what location in the mouth do melanoma typically arise from?
tongue, gingiva, and mucosa
what are the differential diagnoses for oral melanoma?
melanocytoma
round cell tumors (lymphoma, mast cell tumor, histiocytoma, plasma cell tumor)
anaplastic sarcoma/carcinoma
osteogenic tumor
where do melanomas arise from?
at the epithelial/subepithelial interface of the mucosa (where melanocytes generally reside in normal tissue).
what are chow-chows and shar peis at risk for?
melanoma of the tongue
which location of melanoma has a better prognosis?
lip
what is the potential for metastasis for oral melanomas and where do they go?
potential is high (53-74%)
regional lymph nodes (cervical/ mandibular)
lungs
distant sites like the liver or central nervous system.
what treatment is indicated for oral melanoma?
surgery with 2cm margins
+-vaccine
Associate these tumors with their mean age at presentation in dogs:
Melanoma
SCC
Fibrosarc
Osteosarc
7-9yo, 8-9, 9-10, 10-12
Fibrosarc 7-9yo
SCC 8-9 yo
Osteosarc 9-10yo
Melanoma 10-12yo
which tumor may present with history of non-healing extraction site?
OSCC
what tumor may resemble OSCC on histo?
CAA
what is the difference on histo between OSCC and CAA?
In CAA, neoplastic epithelial cells generally remain well-differentiated, tend to form architectural structures consistent with odontogenic epithelium, and may exhibit the cardinal histologic features of odontogenic epithelium.
what tissue does OSCC originate from?
Malignant tumor of keratinocytes derived from the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa.
what is the metastatic rate for OSCC?
low
11-12%
what is the recommended teatment for OSCC?
surgical resection with 1cm margins
what is the most common tumor in the tongue and what is it’s prevalence?
SCC
36,8% - 54% of lingual tumors
which portions of the tongues do melanomas and scc typically involve?
melanoma: caudal 1/3
SCC: rostral 2/3
name some potentiel causes for OSCC
chronic exposure to air pollution, tobacco smoke, papillomavirus infections, flea collars, diet, prior radiation exposure, and chronic inflammation
how does the prognosis differ between oral SCC in dogs, lingual SCC, tonsillar SCC and papillary SCC?
OSCC: survival 26 months, mets is 11-12%
lingual: higher (14-37,5%) metastatic potential, survival is shorter (1 month without treatment, up to 39)
tonsillar: high met rate (61.1 – 97%), median survival 110-270 days
Papillary: no metastatic potential, surgery may be curative
what are treatment options for feline oral SCC and what are the associated survival times?
Surgery: Median survival times of 3–14 months with longer survival times for tumors located in the mandible and in combination with radiation therapy.
Palliative care: median survival 44 days, apparent longer survival in cats that received NSAIDs.
describe the typical patient that has a fibrosarcoma
median age 8 years, but any age is possible
large breed dog (Golden retriever, Labrador or German shepherd)
tumor just palatal to the maxillary fourth premolar
which common oral tumor is typically fixed and relatively unmovable?
fibrosarc
how often do fibrosarcomas occur in the mouth?
17,7% of oral tumours
what is a typical characteristic of fibrosarcoma on histo?
oral FSA are arranged as tight, parallel bundles of mesenchymal cells oriented orthogonally to adjacent bundles of mesenchymal cells. This tendency to form orthogonal bundles is almost pathognomonic for FSA.
what is the metastatic potentiel of fibrosarc, and if it does spread, where to?
10-24%
regional lymph nodes and/ or the lung
what is the best treatment for fibrosarc?
surgery + RT
what is the problem with fibrosarcom, post-excision?
high recurrence rate
what tumors are golden retrievers predisposed to?
high-low fibrosarc
fibrosarc
melanoma
what tissue does high-low fibrosarc most often originate from?
maxillary gingiva
what does high-low fibrosarc look like on histo?
paucicellular
matrix is often abundant
mesenchymal cells demonstrate bland cytological features, a lack of cellular pleomorphism and very few to no mitotic figures
what is the best treatment for high-low fibrosarc?
surgery + radiation
what is the second most common oral tumor in cats and how often is it seen?
fibrosarc
12,9 to 22% of all oral tumours
how many osteosarcs occur in the head?
20 and 25% of all canine OSA lesions arise from the axial skeleton; of these tumors, 50% occur in the jawbones, hard palate, and/or craniofacial bones.
how does one identify osteosarc on histo?
streams or sheets of neoplastic mesenchymal cells architecturally and cytologically consistent with sarcoma, and the presence of tumor associated osteoidal matrix
precisely describe metastatic potentiel for osteosarcoma
metastasis rate 28.1% - 58%
OSA of the axial skeleton has a marginally better prognosis than appendicular
OSA of the mandible is reported to progress more slowly and have a decreased tendency to metastasize
capable of hematogenously spreading to the lung.
generally does not initially metastasize to the regional lymph nodes.
what virus causes oral papillomatosis?
canine papillomavirus 1 (CPV-1)
what is the course of the disease of oral papillomatosis?
incubation 4–8 weeks
rapid growth and expansion
followed by spontaneous immune-mediated regression within an additional 4–8 weeks (may take up to 12 months)
