Non-genetic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of non-genetic transmission?

A

-factors acting via one individual that influence behaviour/development of another who will pass on those influences to another

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2
Q

Definition of vertical transmission?

A
  • between generations, parent to offspring
  • parents behaviour directly influences their offspring’s behaviour
  • similar pattern to genetic inheritance
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3
Q

Definition of horizontal transmission?

A

-within generations, between peers

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4
Q

What are the different forms of non-genetic transmission?

A
  • parental effects
  • social learning
  • symbolic representation
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5
Q

What are the maternal effects on behaviour?

A
  • variation between
  • can act pre or post birth
  • some effects take place inside and/or outside the womb
  • developmental legacy is transferred from mother to daughter
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6
Q

Example of maternal effect on pre-birth?

A
  • mongolian gerbil
  • when females are in the womb with a large number of brothers they’re exposed to more testosterone
  • when born they have later sexual maturation and increased aggression
  • also produce more male biased offspring themselves
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7
Q

Example of maternal effect outside womb?

A
  • cabbage butterfly
  • female selects host plant and lays eggs there
  • once hatched they feed on it and acquire a preference for that plant
  • will then lay their eggs on same plant
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8
Q

Example of maternal effect taking place both inside and outside of womb?

A
  • rabbits
  • offspring choose same foods that their mother ate when in the womb
  • same effect after birth with the flavourings that come through in the milk
  • pre-birth factor was stronger in the case of fostering rabbits after birth
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9
Q

What are the paternal effects on behaviour?

A
  • variation between individuals is better explained by considering measures of the father than the genotype
  • may act pre- or post-birth
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10
Q

Example of paternal effect on pre-birth?

A
  • minotaur beetles
  • horned males helped roll dung beetles that females lay eggs in
  • those that hatch from the larger balls grew horns
  • size of ball determined gender production of horns rather than genetic features
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11
Q

Example of paternal effect on post birth?

A
  • sparrows
  • males have black throat patch that differs in size regarding dominance
  • those born to large patched but fostered by small patched developed a small patch
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12
Q

What effect does social learning have on behaviour?

A
  • differs from self-learning as it’s heritable

- in some species there’s opportunities for vertical transmission

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13
Q

Galef and Wigmore (1983)

social learning in rats

A
  • those fed a chocolate diet and cinnamon diet
  • introduced to group of rats on control diet
  • control rats shifted preference to match chocolate or cinnamon
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14
Q

Example of vertical transmission in social learning?

A
  • zebra finches
  • sons and fathers calls are almost identical
  • when deafened the song the son produced was nothing alike
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15
Q

Example of horizontal transmission in social learning?

A
  • song sparrows

- calls that neighbours have are more similar to each other than those who weren’t local

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16
Q

What factors make individuals imitate them in social learning?

A
  • nearest
  • related
  • prior experience
  • loudest
  • most successful
17
Q

What is teaching?

A
  • special form of social learning
  • individual modifies its behaviour only in the presence of a naive observer
  • individual incurs no immediate benefit
  • the naive observer acquires knowledge/skill
18
Q

Example of teaching?

A
  • meerkats
  • give dead scorpion to pup
  • give alive scorpion but with tail removed to pup
  • would give alive scorpion with tail to pup
19
Q

Example of social learning affecting behaviour of group as a whole?

A
  • japanese macaques
  • washed potatoes in the sea to remove the sand
  • added salt to their diet
  • other monkeys copied her by washing them
  • completed same behaviours with other foods (wheat)
  • young of the group behaved in same way, became used to the water unlike the species historically had
  • started to forage in the water
20
Q

What is referential signalling?

A
  • symbols that can convey information and change the receivers behaviour
  • signal represents/refers to a subject or concept
  • permits transmission of information without situation where the information is relevant
21
Q

Example of referential signalling?

A
  • meerkats
  • usually one standing guard
  • calling behaviour differs depending on the predator
  • alerts the others as to which method of evasion they should use