Non communicable studies23

Question 1

What is meant by an epidemiologic transition

Answer 1

Characteristic shift in the common causes of death and disability from perinatal and communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases

Question 2

Key factors influencing risk burden

Answer 2

How strong is the “causal” association between the risk factor and health conditions
2) How common is the exposure to this risk in the population of interest?

Question 3

To identify the leading risk factors, the GBD project team examined

Answer 3

The amount of “extra” disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor in a population

If the association is causal, this is the amount of the disease burden that we could theoretically prevent if we removed that risk factor from the population

Question 4

What is the population attributable risk

CHECK WTF THAT IS

Answer 4

The amount of extra disease attributable to a particular risk factor in a particular population

e.g, The DALYs lost due to lung cancer attributable to smoking and exposure to asbestos or air pollution

Question 5

Is there a difference between risk transition and epidemiological transition

Answer 5

Epidemiologic transition is just the characteristic shift in the composition of causes of death and disability from communicable to non-communicable diseases
Risk transition means changes in risks factor profiles as countries shift from low to higher income countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases are replaced by risks for non-communicable diseases

Question 6

Do NCDs affect mostly high-income countries?

Answer 6

No, over 80% of NCDs occur in low and middle income countries

Question 7

Does Chronic diseases affect mostly rich people

Answer 7

no, it is concentrated among poor

Question 8

Should Low or middle income countries control infectious diseases first?

Answer 8

the double burden of diseases thereby requires the double response

Question 9

Do non communicable diseases affect mostly old people

Answer 9

no, almost half of 30-69 year olds have chronic diseases

Question 10

Can chronic diseases be prevented

Answer 10

significant amounts can be prevented

Question 11

What are the underlying socioeconomic, cultural, politcal and environmental determinants

Answer 11

globalisation
urbanisation
population ageing

Question 12

What are common modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases

Answer 12

unhealthy diet
physical inactivity
tobacco use

Question 13

what are non-modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases

Answer 13

age

heredity

Question 14

What are the intermediate risk factors associated with NCDs

Answer 14

raised blood pressure
raised blood glucose
abnormal blood lipids

overweight

Question 15

What role does the commercial sector play in unequal NCD epidemic

Answer 15

The commercial sector creates uneven distribution of risks
It is a distal/upstream determinant

it causes unequal distribution of disease, health inequities

Question 16

How have commercially driven epidemics come to be

Answer 16

1)social norms changed as smoking became popular among other social groups

A greater emphasis on downstream(compared to upsream) strategies has put equity in public health at risk

Question 17

How does the commercial sector act as a distal socialdeterminant of NCD inequities

Answer 17

The commercial sector drives NCD inequities by:
marketing to vulnerable targets, thus shaping preferences and social norms

it changes physical and social environments- influence public policy development
it tends to concentrate outlets in low SES areas

it actively exploits difficultuies with behavior change-it offers an illusion of choice and pleasure
emphasizes moderation

frame education as the most effective solution-social responsbibility

This promotes unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups
and an uneven distribution of risks in NCDs in poor

Question 18

How are commercial determinants NCDs addressed

Answer 18

shift focus from individual behaviours to broader environment and upstream drivers of unhealthy product consumption

tackle the broader determinants of health

To develop effective health policy recognising the tension between commercial and health objectives

Question 19

Example- the tobacco control strategies
M
P
O
W
E
R

Answer 19

M-monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
P-protect people from tobacco use
O-offer help to quit tobacco use-targeted programmes

War about the dangers of tobacco

Enforce bans on tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship
Raise taxes on tobacco