Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pophealth Questions > mod2 > Flashcards

mod2 Flashcards

everybody get rich

1
Q

what is the definition of epidemiology

A

epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations’

and the application of this study to the control of health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between individual and population health care

A

clinicians deal with individuals- they treat disease- to restore health

Population health is concerned with the health of groups of individuals- in the context of their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the goal of the public/population health framework

A

to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of people at the same time reducing inequities in the distribution of health and wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 steps of the pophealth framework

A

1define the problem
2identify risk and protective factors
3develop and test prevention strategies
4 assure widespread adotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is it important for epidemiologists to seek the cause of dis-ease

A

appropriate preventive measures can be introduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

epidemiology does not determine the cause of a disease in a given individual .instead,

A

it determines the relationship or association between a given exposure and dis-ease in populations

they look for links between Exposure and outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bradford Hill criteria are meant for

A

an aid to thoght

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 7 bradford hill criteria

A

tommy shot cassey’s big green bum so recklessly

temporality
strength of association
consistency of association
biological gradient
biological plausibility of association

specificity of association

reversibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

temporality

A

first the cause then the disease

essential to establish a causal relation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Strength

A

the stronger an association, the more likely to be causal

this excludes biases ( selection, information and confounding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

biological graident

A

incremental change in disease rates in conjunction with corresponding changes in exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

biological plausibility

A

does it actually make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

specificity of association

A

a cause leads to a single effect

weakest of all Bradford Hill stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reversibility

A

The demonstration that under controlled conditions-changing the exposure causes a change in the outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a cause of disease

A

an event, condition, characteristic which play an essential role in producing the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a sufficient cause

A

a cause that will inevitably produce the specific dis=ease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a component cause

A

a factor that contributes towards dis-ease causation but is not sufficient to cause disease on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a necessary cause

A

a factor that must be present if a specific disease is to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is a causal pie used

A

we use the association and other factors to infer causation and intervene to prevent disease]

and we can intervene at any number of points in the pie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do we need to prevent disease

A

there are limitations in curing diseases and as costs of medical care escalates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the population based strategy

A

focuses on the whole population

aims to reduce the health risks and improve the outcome of all individuals in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the population based strategy useful for

A

useful for a common disease or a widespread cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is high risk individual strategy

A

focuses on individuals perceived to be a high risk

the intervention is well matched to individuals and their concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the advantages of a population based mass strategy

A

radical- meaning that it addresses underlying causes

large potential benefit for whole population

behaviorally appropriate ( meaning that it causes people to act like others in their environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the disadvantages of population based strategy

A

small benefit to individuals

poor motivation of individuals

whole population is exposed to downside of strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the advantages of high risk strategy

A

appropriate to individuals

individuals are motivated

cost effective use of resources

favourable benefit to risk ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the disadvantages of high risk strategy

A

cost of screening, need to identify individuals

temporary effect
limited potential

behaviorally inappropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do health promotion act on

A

acts on determinants of wellbeing

health and focus

enables people to increase control over and improve their health

involves whole population in every day contexts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is primary care

A

community based-
i.e, regular source of healthcare- your GP, pharmacist, physioterapist
and community based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is in secondary care

A

specialist care- neurologists dermatogologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is in tertiary care

A

hospital based care- rehab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is gotten out of alma Ata

A

Alma ata is a declaration for primary health care

it achieved lots of things- establishing that it is a human right to enjoy primary health care- and advocated the prerequisites of health

1) protect and promote health of all
2) advocate a health promotion approach to primary care
3) peace and safety from violence
4) shelter
5) education
6) food
7) income and economic support
8) stable ecosystem and sustainable resources
9) social justice and equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the ottawa charter for health promotion

A

it is the first international conference for health promotion

its goal is to
“mobilise action for community development”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does the ottawa charter acknowledge health as

A

a fundamental human right
requires both individaul and collective responsibility

that the opportunity to have good health should be equally available

good health is an essential element of social and economic development

35
Q

what are the 3 basic strategies of the ottawa charter

A

1) enable
2) advocate
3) mediate

36
Q

ottawa charter

enable

A

to provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information, life skills and support environments

this is an example of An individual level strategy

37
Q

ottawa charter advocate

A

to create favourable political, economic, social, cultural and physical environments by promoting and advocating for health

38
Q

ottawa charter

mediate

A

facilitate and bring together individuals, groups and parties with opposing interests to work together and come to a compromise for the promotion of health

39
Q

what are the 5 priority action areas

A

develop personal skills

strengthen community action

create supportive environments

reorient health services towards primary health care

40
Q

in thw natural history of disease and prevention scheme, what is the goal of primary care

A

limit the occurrence of disease by controlling specific causes and risk factors

41
Q

in the natural history of disease and prevention scheme, what is the goal of secondary care

A

reduce the more serious consequences of disease

42
Q

in the natural history of disease and prevention scheme what is the goal of tertiary care

A

reduce the progress of complications of established disease

43
Q

health protection is

A

predominantly environmental hazard focused

44
Q

what is done in health protection

A

risk/hazard assessment

monitoring

risk communication

occupational health

45
Q

What are the causes in individuals

A

any event, characteristic or other definable entity that brings about a change for better or worse in health

these include
income
employment
education
housing and neighborhoods
societal characteristics

autonomy and empowerment

46
Q

What are determinants of health for populations?

A

the concepts are similar as for individuals but the nature of determinants is often different

as its not just application of the individual perspective to whole population, but includes characteristics of the population itself

any event, characteristic or other definable entity that brings about a change for better or worse in health

Determinants of health in populations are also related to the context in which the population exists

47
Q

What is the definition of downstream

A

interventions that operate at the micro level (proximal level) including treatment systems and disease management

48
Q

What is the definition of upstream interventions

A

upstream interventions operate at the macro level, suchas government policies and international trade agreements

49
Q

What is the definition of proximal determinants

A

a determinant of health that is proximate or near to the change in health status

near generally refers to any determinant that is readily and directly associated with the change in health status- lifestyles, behavioral factors etc

50
Q

what is the definition of distal determinants

A

a determinant of health that is either distant in time and or place from the change in health status

distal determinants of health are referred to as upstream factors

things that influence health by acting on the proximal factors

51
Q

What is level 1 of the Dahlgren and whitehead model (rainbow model)

A

the individual

includes the age, sex and constitutional factors and individual lifestyle factors

52
Q

what are the non modifiable determinants in the Dahlgren and whitehead model

A

genes and biology

53
Q

What are some examples of environmental impacts in level1 of the Dahlgren and whitehead model

A

food, exercise, risky behaviors, relation to health outcomes

the choices you make as an individual will have an impact on the likelihood of whether you have good or bad health

54
Q

What is habitus, and which part of Dahlgren and Whitehead model is it on

A

it is on level 1
this is the lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectations of particular social groups learned through everyday activities

ability to change behaviors may vary by social group

55
Q

What is level 2 of the Dahlgren and whitehead model

A

the community

social and community networks and living and working conditions

this is cuz the attitudes and behaviours of people living and working in the local community influences the sense of what is normal and acceptable

56
Q

What is social capital

A

the value of social networks that facilitates bonds between similar groups of people

provides an inclusive environment for people from diverse backgrounds

examples include civic participation, volunteerism, supportive communities

57
Q

What is level 3 of the Dahl Gren and whitehead model

A

The environment- general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

this includes physical environments
built environments
 cultural environments
biological environments
the ecosystem
political environments
58
Q

What are the 4 capitals

A

they are the interdependent factors that work together to support wellbeing

they include

natural capital
human capital
social capital
financial or physical capital

59
Q

natural capital

A

refers to all aspects of the natural environment needed to support life and human activity.

60
Q

human capital

A

encompasses people’s skills, knowledge and physical and menatl health

these are things that enable people to participate fully in work, study, recreation and in society more broadly

61
Q

What is social capital

A

things that underpin society

trust, rule of law,
crown maori relationship

cultural identity

connections between people and communities

62
Q

What is financial capital

A

things like houses, buildings…things which make up the country’s physical and financial assets

63
Q

what is structure

A

social and physical environmental conditions that influence choices and opportunities available

64
Q

what is agency

A

the capacity of an individual to act independently and make free choices

65
Q

What is age standardisation

A

The process of converting the different age structures in each population into one standard population age structure and working out the deat rates

66
Q

Why do we age standardize

A

So you can make meaningful comparisons between the 2 by comparing the same age groups in each population

67
Q

How do we age-standardise data

A

1) Calculate the age-specific death rates for each age group for each town
2) applying age-specific death rates to the standard population to find the expected number of deaths
3) Sum up all the expected death and divide by the standard population size to get your age standardised death rate

68
Q

how do you calculate age-specific death rate

A

number of people who die of the dis-ease in the age group over the number of people in that age group

69
Q

how do you find the expected number of deaths

A

age specific death rate multiplied by standard population

70
Q

Rationale for having Maori Health

A

Maori health status

rights as indigenous peoples and treaty partners

Mainstream health promotion interventions have generally been less effective for Maori than for non Maori

Maori health is everyone’s responsibility

71
Q

What are the 4 systematic inequalities facing Maori health

A

there’s inequalities in
health outcomes
in exposure to the determinants of health

in health system responsiveness

in the representation in the health workforce

72
Q

What causes health inequalities

A

ethnic inequalities in health are fundamentally driven ny the unequal distribution of health risks and opportunities (social determinants)

73
Q

Why don’y we use “conventional” health promotion when addressing Maori health

A

based on western models

universal formula (one size fits all)

often simply adapted for Maori

Dosen’t incorporate Maori values and realities

superficial vs structural approach

has tended to benefit non-Maori to a greater extent than Maori

74
Q

What are the prerequisites of the ottawa charter

A

peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity

they build healthy public policy
create supportive environments
strengthen community action
develop personal skills

reorient health services

75
Q

What are the 3 pre-requisites (strategies) of the Ottawa charter

A

advocate
enable
mediate

76
Q

what does advocate mean in the ottawa charter

A

literally means making the conditions favourable.

the conditions are factors that include politcal, economic, social, cultural, environmental
and behavioral and biological factors.

These conditions can be made facourable through advocacy (arguing in favor of) health

77
Q

what does enabling mean in the Ottawa charter

A

give people autonomy by giving them opportunities. This one is primarily focussed on the individual level.

aims at reducing iniquities to enable people to achieve their fullest health potential

78
Q

what does mediate mean in the Ottawa charter

A

mediating means getting all the groups to achieve one common goal.
also individuals included

health put at first priority and even opposing groups are expected to work together in favour of trying to achieve best health outcome

79
Q

What are the health promotion actions

A

this can be rememberred as you move away from individuals towards the nation like the rainbow model;
develop personal skill
community empowerment
supportive environments

reinorienting health services towards primary health care

build healthy public policy

80
Q

what is developing personal skills

A

people need to be educated and empowered

doing this gives them more control, and make better choices about health and give them better access

81
Q

community empowerment

A

the community gotta be empowered to make its decisions autonomous and shit

this draws on better resource usage and management and strengthens public participation.

82
Q

Supportive environment

A

changing patterns of life, work and leisure can have a significant impact on health.

The way society organises work should help create a healthy society

83
Q

Reorienting health services

A

health promotion in health services is shared among individuals

they must work together

health services suggest to be more holistic than clinical

84
Q

public policy

A

all agenda of policy makers in all sectors and all levels should be aware of health consequences of their decisions.

this includes tax, fiscal measures
legislation.

Pophealth Questions (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions