Non-Communicable Disease Flashcards
Causes of obesity
- genetics (influences likelihood but not inevitability)
- social/biological/environmental (determines if genetic predisposition will be expressed) e.g. portion sizes, upselling, low fat/low carb/low cal, substitutes for sugar, more salt, more additives; providing healthy justifications like cereal, nutella, etc
fad diets
the latest, the greatest, quick fix without work/lifestyle change, usually while spending money
obesity
- “modern” chronic disease, exponential growth, focus on medicalization => increasing incidence, high costs, poor outcomes
- WHO declared global epidemic
- 17th c: term “obesity” doesn’t exist
- 18th c: impact of weight on quality of life being discovered
- 19th c: recognized as a cause of ill health
- early 20th c: defined as disease with specific pathology and pathophysiological complications
eating disorders timeline
1689: first case of anorexia studied
1816-1890: William Gull studied anorexia hysteria, coined anorexia nervosa, brought focus to medical
1930: confusion over interpretation and causes (endocrine disease vs psychoanalytic interpretation of sexual origins)
1952: anorexia nervosa = first ED in DSM-I (psycho physiological reaction that led to neurotic illnesses)
1968: DSM-II categorizes as “feeding disturbance”
1970: increasing rise in bulimia and nervosa (body image/body concept pervades all thinking and activities)
1980s: rapid rise -> “rich white girl disease”
1980: binge eating was acknowledged by DSM-III
1983: death of Karen Carpenter led to rise in public awareness
Sir Alexander Chriton
1798: first description of ADHD symptoms as “mental restlessness”
Thomas Smith Clouston
1899: “state of ever excitability and mental explosiveness”
Sir George Still
1902: first scientific study of large group of kids with “chronic problems”
- aggression, defiance, resistance to discipline
- excessively emotional, little inhibitory volition
- need for immediate gratificiation
- suggested that there was a neurological deficiency
Fidgety Phil
1904: published in the Lancet
History of ADHD
early 20th c: links between biology and bad behaviour
1930s and 40s: investigation of link between behavioural pathology and brain disease -> relation to brain trauma, injury, viral infection, exposure to toxins
1940s-mid 1950s: “minimal Brain Dysfunction”
brain damage is seen on continuum, minimal brain dmage reflected primarily in organizational behaviour. No neurological signs. Questioning minimal brain damage theory: so many symptoms were lumped under one category. increased focus on groups => learning disabilities, language disorders, and hyperactivity
1960s: shift away from brain damage. DSM 1958 didn’t list ADHD because it wasn’t presummed to be psychiatric. Late 1960s American Psychiatric Association recognized ADHD
1969: DSM-II lists “hyperkinetic reaction of childhood”. Moves blame from environment/parenting to biological condition that could be genetic.
1970: Kornetsky theory on stimulant success. Indicated faulty brain chemistry, investigation into dietary factors. Brain chemistry could change in reaction to food, allergens, and toxins.
1980s: DSM-III introduced dramatic changes. Renamed ADD, highlighting role of impulsivity and role of attentional difficulties. Development of more objective diagnostic criteria. ADD with hyperactivity and ADD wihthout hyperactivity
DSM-III-R renames as ADHD, provided focus on hyperactivity
19902: development of imaging techniques takes medicine inside the body and inside the brain
- looking for links between ADHD with abnormalities in brain function. Also, clearer link of genetics to ADHD -> finding gnetic markers
Introduction of medication of ADHD
1937; first successful treatment with Benzedine. Introduced as inhaler and bronchodilator. Because of lack of diagnoses/criteria, never became mainstream
late 1950s: focus on stimulat (Ritalin) which heightens the utilization of dopamine –> improves attention and concentration
Criticism of ADHD
- default method of dealing with “problem children”
- pathologizing boyhood
- myths propogated by psychiatrists to excuse lax parenting and out-of-control children
