Medicine in Hospitals & University

Question 1

hospital etymology

Answer 1

hospes = guest or stranger 
hospitum = guest house --> originally for the needy, then where the sick could recouperate

Question 2

Romans

Answer 2

had 2 different types that would eventually be our hospital

1. temples - where people who were sick would pray, seek advice and care; nobody was actually qualified
2. valetudinaria - not for the general public; for soldiers, gladiators, and slaves

Question 3

Greeks

Answer 3

did not have our conception of hospital. physicians made house calls

Question 4

European

Answer 4

Crusaders brought back ideas inspired by Persian/Arabian mauristan.

• gathering sick for spiritual/physical well-being
• early form of modern hospital

Question 5

Medieval Hospitals

Answer 5

care by monks and nuns; care for poor (even if they weren’t ‘sick’), pilgrims, suffering, specific diseases like leprosy

Question 6

Englightenment

Answer 6

17th C. move towards secularism, question theology

• does it make sense to fund a hospital?
• church also wondering whether hospitals would help people achieve grace

moves funding to the Crown/state/town government

physicians are developing the medical field

• pushed for the establishment of hospitals
• pushed for medical education (the idea of the healer as prestigious, not as a religious figure)

but still accepted the “curable” ie the poor
-link between poverty and morbidity –> became a place of social welfare (almshouses took on poor/destitute for preventative care, as well as medical cares)

Question 7

Medically Staffed Hospitals

Answer 7

18th C. changing attidues of health

• health no longer fundamentally related to poverty
• growing belief that cures could and would be found
• hospitals =/= just a place to die
• need for labour (cost of replacing labourers)
• growing middle class demanded health care, not just home calls
• innovations improve military health

hospitals became a centre for clinical treaching

medical and surgical treatment became centreal
-not just a place to rest/be cared for

hospital became medical, not religious

by early 18th c, university trained practitioners became the norm. ciricula emphasized both moral and scientific training (e.g. temperance, chastity, connectedness, honesty, religion, industry, AND the chemistry, anatomy, surgery, midwifery, etc)

development of specialization

Question 8

Technological Developments

Answer 8

19th C. sites of charty –> locus of medical education

ownership moving from relgious orders (nuns and monks stayed around to provide care but not medicine)

wealthy benefactors gave money to show compassion in public way, became a point of civic pride (Lookit OUR hospital! we care about our people!!)

what the definition/cure/etc of illness develops (resulting in expansion of disciplines such as bacteriology, clinical chemistry, pathology)

continued push to keep medicine scientific (less focus on the moral)

technological developments encourage definition of personal identity (knowing how to use things gives one more prestige over another)

further link between teaching and research (development of cures/technology, emphasis on detection of lesions - tumours, wounds, growths, etc with instruments and laboratories)

Question 9

Medieval Developments

Answer 9

20th c. Medieval Developments

• medical developments boom (like MRIs, cloning, ECGs, etc)
• medical education further tend to hospitals (bedside learning, learning through experience, learning through empirical observation of patients)

medieval science affects hospital decisions
-architecture, budgeting, etc

hospitals increasingly became place of new technology
-patients were captive, willing subjects for testing new technology and theories

focus on recovery and cure