Non-cellular and Cellular Pathogens Flashcards
Pathogen and features
What are the charactaristics of Prions
- It is a misfolded protein
- Non-cellular
- Non-living
- Doesnt contain any nclear material
- Smallest of all the pathogens (around 5-10 nanometres)
Pathogens and featres
What are the charactaristics of Viruses
- 2nd smallest of the pathogens
- Non-living
- Noncellular
- Protein coat
- Difficult to kill (ussually need to damage your own tissues) (Dont have a metabolism, live inside host cells, mutate rapidly and have a protective coating)
Pathogen and features
What are features of a bacteria
- Prokaryotic
- Single-celled
- Cell wall
- Reproduce by binary fission
- Diverse metabolism (some aerobic and some anarobic)
- Can be helpful or harmful
Pathogen and features
What are features of fungi
- 85% of all diseases are caused by fungi
- Cell wall made from chitin
- Unicellular and multicellular
- Very diverse
Pathogen and features
What are features of Protozoa
- Unicellular
- Mostly in water
- living
- No cell wall
Diseases- Human
What are two diseases caused by Prions
* Fatal Familial Insomnia
- Genetic
- Never sleep again
- Chromosomal mutation
- Not transmissable
- Mutation in the PRNP gene
Transmissable spogiform encephalopatheis (vCJD)
- Holes in the brain’
- From eating cow
- Brain degeneration
- Proteins go rogue, bind to other proteins and turn them into prions
- Sometimes inhereted (familial)
- Occuring sporatically in older people
- Can be aquired by contamination through surgery
Pathogen and feature
What are features of parasites
- Endo: live in the body
- Exo: live outside of the body
- Macro: visible to the naked eye
- Micro: non-visible to the naked eye
- Multicellular
Diseases- Human
What are two diseases caused by Viruses
HIV
- Frour F’s symptoms:
- Flue, then fine, then falling white blood cell count, then final crisis (AIDS)
- Immune deficiancy
- Caused by direct containf (syringes, oregnancy, blood, unprotected sex, organ transplant)
- Destroyes a type of white blood cell (T-cell)
- HIV virus have surface proteins that adhere to the host cell surface receptors.
- it enteres the host cell and replicates killing the T-cell
Zika virus
- Effects pregnant women
- Spread by vectors (mosquitoes)
- Mosquitoes are present in the daytime so much more risky
- Also Direct: pregnancy, blood transfusion and unprotected sex
- Makes babies heads underdeveloped
Diseases- HUMAN
What are two diseases caused by bacteria
Tetanus
- Lock jaw
- From rust
- Bacteria survive long periouds in the environmnt and on rusty surfaces (an endospore)
Mastisis
- In cattle
- Causes bad milk to be made
Inflamation of mammary glands - Bacteria enter teat canal either directly or indirectly
Diseases - HUMAN
What are two diseses caused by Fugi
Ringworm
- Bigass ring created through direct or indirect contact
Thrust
- Yeast infection
- Human gut is a natural resovour but is opportunistic to creating more
- Direct: touching
- Indirect: on surfaces
Disease - HUMAN
What are two diseases caused by Protozoa
Gardia
- Causes diarrea
- Vehicle: In water
Malaria
- From mosquitoes
Disease - HUMAN
What is one Endoparasite (GWD)
Guinea Worm Disease
- Can stop transmission through chemical treatment, filtering water and education around transmission
- Infect host (feet)
- Contact with water (eggs are released)
- Transmission through drinking water (takes a year to develope)
Disease - ANIMAL
What is one Endoparasite (H)
Heartworms
- Vector: transmitted by mosquitoes
Disease - HUMAN
What is one Ectoparasite
Blowfly
Disease - PLANT
What are two diseases for plants caused by Bacteria
Black spot
Bacterial Speck
Bacterial diseases are rare and only multiply and spread in certain conditions
Disease - PLANT
What is one disease for plants caused by Virus
Tomato Mosaic Virus
- Reduced crop yeilds
diseased plant material left on fround can form resovour for a virus to persist on contaminated equipment
Disease - PLANT
What is one disease for plants caused by fungi
Panama Disease
- Invades xylem (stopping water suply to top of the plant)
- Cuased by root to root contact, contaminated soil or from machinery or shoes (indirect and direct)
Disease - PLANT
What is one Endoparasite for plants
Citrus Leaf Miner
- Moth larvae
- Stops growth of young trees
- Direct contact
- Can act as vecors for other pathogens
Sheet questions
Use an example to distinguish between adhesion and invasion
- Adhesion: The connection of the pathogen to the cells it will eventually invade (e.d. HIV virus connect to T-cells using envelope proteins)
- Invasion: When the pathogen invades the cells of the host to replicate cells and go deeper into hosts body. (e.g. HIV virus injects DNA into T-cells to produce more HIV viruses and kill the T-cell)
Adhesion Structure
Surface proteins
What pathogen, adhesion or invasion and description on how it works
It is viral
It is adhesion
Proteins connect onto cell receptors
Adhesion structure
Pili
What pathogen, adhesion or invasion and description on how it works
Bacterial
Adhesion
Stick so not washed away by mucus or saliva
cell receptors connect onto pili
Adhesion structure
Fimbrae
What pathogen, adhesion or invasion and description on how it works
Bacteria
Adhesion
Short hair like projections that bind to host cells
Adhesion structure
Microtuble protrusion (with example)
What pathogen, adhesion or invasion and description on how it works
Protozoa
Invasion
Parasite that causes toxoplasmis
Needles that deliver proteins into host cells by creating an entry point
Adhesion structure
Secretion of hydrolyic enzymes (example)
What pathogen, adhesion or invasion and description on how it works
Fungus
Invasion
Enzymes break down host tissues, allowing invasion
Thrust (Proteases degrade mucus barriers to let in thrush)
