nomenclature :p (intro to organic)

Question 1

define ‘addition reaction’

Answer 1

molecule joins an unsaturated molecule –> produces saturated molecule

Question 2

define ‘elimination reaction’

Answer 2

molecule is lost from saturated molecule –> forms unsaturated molecule

Question 3

define ‘substitution reaction’

(quite obvs tbh)

Answer 3

an atom/group replaces another atom/group

Question 4

define ‘dehydration’

(use big word beginning with e)

Answer 4

elimination of water

Question 5

define ‘hydration’

Answer 5

addition of water

Question 6

define ‘dehydrogenation’

(use big word beginning with e)

Answer 6

elimination of hydrogen

Question 7

define ‘hydrogenation’

Answer 7

addition of hydrogen

Question 8

define ‘hydrolysis’

Answer 8

reaction which breaks chemical bonds apart & involves water

Question 9

define ‘organic chem’

Answer 9

study of compounds containing C

Question 10

define ‘homologous series’

Answer 10

= family of compounds with same gen. formula, same functional group and similar chemical properties
* each member of family differs by addition of a CH2 group
* gradual change in physical properties

Question 11

define ‘functional group’

Answer 11

atom/group of atoms responsible for most of the chem. reactions of a molecule

Question 12

define ‘free radical’

Answer 12

species with unpaired electron

Question 13

define ‘nucleophile’

(NucleOphile –> .ON..)

Answer 13

lone pair donor

Question 14

define ‘electrophile’

(Electrophile –> a..Ep…)

Answer 14

lone pair acceptor

Question 15

define ‘hydrocarbon’

Answer 15

molecule containing hydrogen & carbon ONLY

Question 16

define ‘carbocation’

(not a reaction)

Answer 16

+vely charged C ion with 3 cov bonds, not 4

Question 17

define ‘aliphatic’

Answer 17

organic compounds containing C chains & branches with no double bonds

Question 18

define ‘aromatic’

Answer 18

organic compounds with 1+ benzene rings

Question 19

define ‘benzene ring’

Answer 19

aromatic func. group –> has ring of 6 C atoms, bonded by alternating single and double bonds

Question 20

define ‘cyclic’

Answer 20

organic compounds with C rings (NOT aromatic)

Question 21

define ‘stereoisomerism’

Answer 21

molecules with same molecular & structural formulae but diff. spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 22

define ‘geometric isomers’

(type of steroisomerism)

Answer 22

diff. arrangement of groups around C=C

Question 23

define ‘optical isomers’

(type of stereoisomerism)

Answer 23

molecules = non-superimposable mirror images

Question 24

define ‘structural isomerism’

Answer 24

same molecular formula but diff. structure

Question 25

define ‘position isomers’

(type of struc. isomerism)

Answer 25

struc. isomers with func. groups in diff. positions

Question 26

define ‘functional group isomers’

(type of structural isomer, dont mix up w. position isomers)

Answer 26

struc. isomers with diff. functional groups

Question 27

define ‘chain isomers’

(type of structural isomerism)

Answer 27

struc. isomers with diff. C chain

Question 28

define ‘molecular formula’

Answer 28

gives actual no. of atoms of each element in molecule

Question 29

define ‘empirical formula’

Answer 29

gives simplest ratio of atoms of each element in molecule

Question 30

define ‘general formula’

Answer 30

• shows no. of atoms of each element in substance, with n C atoms
• all molecules in homologous series have same gen. formula

Question 31

define ‘displayed formula’

Answer 31

shows all bonds & atoms in a molecule
eg.
H H
| — |
C C

Question 32

define ‘skeletal formula’

Answer 32

• lines used to rep. bonds
• each vertice = C atom
• H atoms not shown (unless part of func. group)
• other atoms eg. O,N,Cl shown

Question 33

naming carbon chains –> prefixes

Answer 33

• 1C = meth…
• 2C = eth…
• 3C = prop…
• 4C = but…
• 5C = pent…
• 6C = hex…
• 7C = hept…
• 8C = oct…

Question 34

rules for naming molecules
(from IUPAC)

Answer 34

• count from end of molecule which gives func. group lowest no. for its position
• always no. position of func. group/double bond before suffix eg. propan-2-ol
• func groups take precedence over branched chains when numbering
• if <1 diff. func groups, list them in alphabetical order (ignore any di/tri..)

Question 35

prefixes to use when there’s <1 func. groups

Answer 35

• 2 groups = di…
• 3 groups = tri…
• 4 groups = tetra…
• 5 groups = penta…
• 6 groups = hexa…

Question 36

naming alkanes

Answer 36

• single bonds only = alkane
• molecule has suffix ..ane eg. butane
• gen formula = CnH2n+2

Question 37

naming alkenes

Answer 37

• contains double bond = alkene
• molecule has suffix ..ene
• gen. formula = CnH2n

Question 38

naming halogenoalkanes

Answer 38

• func. group = -C-halogen
• prefixes for halogen molecules –> > Br = bromo…
  > Cl = chloro…
  > F = fluoro…
  > I = iodo…
• gen formula = CnH(2n+1)X

Question 39

naming alcohols

Answer 39

• func. group = O-H (no double bonds in molecule)
• molecule has suffix …ol (or prefix ‘hydroxy’ if suffix unusable)
• before adding suffix, no. of position of O-H on carbon chain

Question 40

naming aldehydes

Answer 40

• func. group = R-C (//O) (\H)
  (where R is C chain, aldehyde group always at end of molecule)
• molecule has suffix …al

Question 41

naming ketones

Answer 41

• func. group = R - C - R
  ||
  O
  (where R is C chain, ketone group always in middle of molecule)
• molecule has suffix …one (or prefix ‘oxo’ if suffix unusable)

Question 42

naming carboxylic acids

Answer 42

• func. group = R-C (//O) (\O-H)
  (carboxylic acid group always at end of molecule)
• molecule has suffix …oic acid

Question 43

naming amines

Answer 43

• func. group = R-NH2
• molecule has suffix …amine (prefix ‘amino’ used if suffix can’t be used)

Question 44

naming nitriles

Answer 44

• func. group = R-C =- N (triple bond)
  (nitrile group always at end of molecule)
• molecule has suffix …nitrile