nomenclature :p (intro to organic)

Question 1

define ‘addition reaction’

Answer 1

molecule joins an unsaturated molecule –> produces saturated molecule

Question 2

define ‘elimination reaction’

Answer 2

molecule is lost from saturated molecule –> forms unsaturated molecule

Question 3

define ‘substitution reaction’

(quite obvs tbh)

Answer 3

an atom/group replaces another atom/group

Question 4

define ‘dehydration’

(use big word beginning with e)

Answer 4

elimination of water

Question 5

define ‘hydration’

Answer 5

addition of water

Question 6

define ‘dehydrogenation’

(use big word beginning with e)

Answer 6

elimination of hydrogen

Question 7

define ‘hydrogenation’

Answer 7

addition of hydrogen

Question 8

define ‘hydrolysis’

Answer 8

reaction which breaks chemical bonds apart & involves water

Question 9

define ‘organic chem’

Answer 9

study of compounds containing C

Question 10

define ‘homologous series’

Answer 10

= family of compounds with same gen. formula, same functional group and similar chemical properties
* each member of family differs by addition of a CH2 group
* gradual change in physical properties

Question 11

define ‘functional group’

Answer 11

atom/group of atoms responsible for most of the chem. reactions of a molecule

Question 12

define ‘free radical’

Answer 12

species with unpaired electron

Question 13

define ‘nucleophile’

(NucleOphile –> .ON..)

Answer 13

lone pair donor

Question 14

define ‘electrophile’

(Electrophile –> a..Ep…)

Answer 14

lone pair acceptor

Question 15

define ‘hydrocarbon’

Answer 15

molecule containing hydrogen & carbon ONLY

Question 16

define ‘carbocation’

(not a reaction)

Answer 16

+vely charged C ion with 3 cov bonds, not 4

Question 17

define ‘aliphatic’

Answer 17

organic compounds containing C chains & branches with no double bonds

Question 18

define ‘aromatic’

Answer 18

organic compounds with 1+ benzene rings

Question 19

define ‘benzene ring’

Answer 19

aromatic func. group –> has ring of 6 C atoms, bonded by alternating single and double bonds

Question 20

define ‘cyclic’

Answer 20

organic compounds with C rings (NOT aromatic)

Question 21

define ‘stereoisomerism’

Answer 21

molecules with same molecular & structural formulae but diff. spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 22

define ‘geometric isomers’

(type of steroisomerism)

Answer 22

diff. arrangement of groups around C=C

Question 23

define ‘optical isomers’

(type of stereoisomerism)

Answer 23

molecules = non-superimposable mirror images

Question 24

define ‘structural isomerism’

Answer 24

same molecular formula but diff. structure

Question 25

define *'position isomers'* | (type of struc. isomerism)

Answer 25

struc. isomers with func. groups in **diff. positions**

Question 26

define *'functional group isomers'* | (type of structural isomer, dont mix up w. position isomers)

Answer 26

struc. isomers with **diff. functional groups**

Question 27

define *'chain isomers'* | (type of structural isomerism)

Answer 27

struc. isomers with diff. C chain

Question 28

define *'molecular formula'*

Answer 28

gives **actual** no. of atoms of each element in molecule

Question 29

define *'empirical formula'*

Answer 29

gives **simplest** ratio of atoms of each element in molecule

Question 30

define *'general formula'*

Answer 30

* shows no. of atoms of each element in substance, with n C atoms * **all** molecules in homologous series have **same** gen. formula

Question 31

define *'displayed formula'*

Answer 31

shows all bonds & atoms in a molecule eg. H H | --- | C C

Question 32

define *'skeletal formula'*

Answer 32

* lines used to rep. bonds * each vertice = C atom * H atoms **not** shown (unless part of func. group) * other atoms eg. O,N,Cl shown

Question 33

naming carbon chains --> prefixes

Answer 33

* 1C = meth... * 2C = eth... * 3C = prop... * 4C = but... * 5C = pent... * 6C = hex... * 7C = hept... * 8C = oct...

Question 34

rules for naming molecules (from IUPAC)

Answer 34

* count from end of molecule which gives func. group **lowest** no. for its position * always no. position of func. group/double bond before suffix eg. propan-2-ol * func groups take precedence over branched chains when numbering * if <1 diff. func groups, list them in **alphabetical** order (ignore any di/tri..)

Question 35

prefixes to use when there's <1 func. groups

Answer 35

* 2 groups = di... * 3 groups = tri... * 4 groups = tetra... * 5 groups = penta... * 6 groups = hexa...

Question 36

naming ***alkanes***

Answer 36

* single bonds **only** = alkane * molecule has suffix ..ane eg. butane * gen formula = **CnH2n+2**

Question 37

naming ***alkenes***

Answer 37

* contains **double** bond = alkene * molecule has suffix ..ene * gen. formula = **CnH2n**

Question 38

naming ***halogenoalkanes***

Answer 38

* func. group = **-C-halogen** * prefixes for halogen molecules --> > Br = bromo... > Cl = chloro... > F = fluoro... > I = iodo... * gen formula = **CnH(2n+1)X**

Question 39

naming ***alcohols***

Answer 39

* func. group = **O-H** (no double bonds in molecule) * molecule has suffix ...ol (or prefix 'hydroxy' if suffix unusable) * **before** adding suffix, no. of position of O-H on carbon chain

Question 40

naming ***aldehydes***

Answer 40

* func. group = **R-C (//O) (\H)** (where R is C chain, aldehyde group **always** at **end** of molecule) * molecule has suffix ...al

Question 41

naming ***ketones***

Answer 41

* func. group = R - C - R || O (where R is C chain, ketone group **always** in **middle** of molecule) * molecule has suffix ...one (or prefix 'oxo' if suffix unusable)

Question 42

naming ***carboxylic acids***

Answer 42

* func. group = **R-C (//O) (\O-H)** (carboxylic acid group **always** at **end** of molecule) * molecule has suffix ...oic acid

Question 43

naming ***amines***

Answer 43

* func. group = R-NH2 * molecule has suffix ...amine (prefix 'amino' used if suffix can't be used)

Question 44

naming ***nitriles***

Answer 44

* func. group = **R-C =- N** (triple bond) (nitrile group **always** at **end** of molecule) * molecule has suffix ...nitrile