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Organic Chemistry MCAT > Nomenclature > Flashcards

Nomenclature Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the 1st step to naming alkanes.

A
  1. Find longest chain in the compound (highest priority functional group (with most oxidized carbon) will provide suffix), if two or more chains of equal length, more substituted chain gets priority as parent
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2
Q

Explain the 2nd step to naming Alkanes.

A
  1. Number the chain (carbon one is closest to highest-priority functional group)
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3
Q

Explain the 3rd step to naming Alkanes.

A
  1. Name the substituents (at beginning of compound as a prefix)
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4
Q

Explain the 4th step to naming Alkanes.

A
  1. Assign a number to each substituent
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5
Q

Explain the 5th and last step to naming Alkanes.

A
  1. Complete the name (name of substituents in alphabetical order with di, tri, tetra, n, tert- are ignored in naming but nonhyphenated roots like iso-, neo-, cyclo- are included)
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6
Q

Which molecular compounds have the highest priority?

A

more oxidized carbon

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7
Q

In rings, if there is a tie between assigning priority in a molecule with double and triple bonds,

A

the double bond takes precedence

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8
Q

What are heteroatoms?

A

-atoms besides carbon and hydrogen
-oxidation state increases with more bonds to these

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9
Q

Prefix for one molecule.

A

Meth-

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10
Q

Prefix for two same functional groups

A

Eth-

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11
Q

Prefix for three same functional groups

A

Pro-

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12
Q

Prefix for four same functional groups

A

But-

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13
Q

Prefix for five same functional groups

A

Pent-

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14
Q

Prefix for six same functional groups

A

Hex-

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15
Q

Prefix for seven same functional groups

A

Hept-

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16
Q

Prefix for eight same functional groups

A

Oct-

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17
Q

Prefix for ten same functional groups

A

Dec-

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18
Q

Prefix for nine same functional groups

A

Non-

19
Q

Describe the characteristics of Alkanes.

A

-chain of carbons connected by single bonds
-ane
-CnH(2n+2)
-suffix -yl replaces -ane
-can have fluoro-, chloro, bromo-, iodo-

20
Q

Describe the characteristics of Cycloalkanes.

A

-CnH2n
-carbon atoms forming a ring
-Numbered starting at the point of greatest substitution

21
Q

Alkyne prefix and suffix

A

alkynyl-, -yne

22
Q

Describe the characteristics of Alkenes.

A

-ene suffix
-prefix: alkenyl-
-contain carbon-carbon double bonds

23
Q

Describe the characteristics of Haloalkanes.

A

-contains halogen
-F, Cl, Br, I
-can also be named as alkyl halides
ex: ethyl chloride

24
Q

Describe the characteristics of Alkynes.

A

-carbon-carbon triple bonds
-yne

25
Q

Describe how to name alcohols.

A

-replace “-e” of corresponding alkane with -ol.
-OH
-chain is numbered so carbon attached to hydroxyl group gets lowest possible number, even when there is a multiple bond present
-if alcohol is not highest priority functional group, then it is named as a hydroxyl substituent
-with two hydroxyl groups: diols or glycols, suffix -diol is added

26
Q

Describe the characteristics of Thiols.

A

RSH
Pre: sulfhydryl-
Suff: -thiol

27
Q

Describe the characteristics of Geminal Diols (hydrates).

A

If two hydroxyl groups are on the same carbon
Not commonly seen because spontaneously dehydrate to produce carbonyl compounds with functional group C=O

gemini twins: paired

28
Q

Explain what are Vicinal diols.

A

If two hydroxyl groups are on different carbons
-in the vicinity of each other

29
Q

Describe the characteristics of Diols.

A

-aka glycols
-Suff: -diol
-two numbers necessary to distinguish the two functional groups

30
Q

Describe the characteristics of aldehydes.

A

Pre: oxo-
Suff: -al
chain terminating
generally attached to carbon number 1

31
Q

Describe how to name Ketones.

A

Pre: oxo- or keto-
Suff: -one
Named by listing alkyl groups in alphabetical order, followed by ketone

32
Q

Describe how to name carboxylic acids.

A

Pre: carboxy-
Suff: -oic acid
highest priority functional group in MCAT

33
Q

Describe how to name Acyl Halide.

A

Pre: halocarbonyl-
Suff: -oyl halide

34
Q

Describe how to name Esters.

A

Pre: alkoxycarbonyl-
Suff: -oate
in naming, first term is alkyl name of esterifying group, second term is name of parent acid, with -oate replacing oic acid suffix

35
Q

Describe how to name Amides.

A

Pre: amido- or carbamoyl-
Suff: -amide
substituents attached to nitrogen atom are labeled with capital N-
substituents are included as prefixes in compound name and aren’t numbered

36
Q

Describe how to name Nitrile/Cyanides.

A

Pre: cyano-
Suff: -nitrile

37
Q

Describe how to name Amine.

A

RNH2
Pre: amino-
Suff: -amine

38
Q

Describe how to name Imines.

A

R2C=NR’
Pre: imino-
Suff: -imine

39
Q

Describe how to name Ethers.

A

ROR
Pre: -alkoxy
Suff: -ether

40
Q

Describe how to name Anhydrides.

A

Two double bonded oxygen bound to carbon with and oxygen in the middle: two carboxylic acids bounded together with a water molecule removed
Many are cyclic, may result from intramolecular dehydration of dicarboxylic acid
Named replacing acid with anhydride
If anhydride is not symmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named before anhydride is added: ex: ethanoic propanoic anhydride
-prefix: alkanoyloxycarbonyl-

41
Q

Explain the priority of alkenes and alkynes.

A

considered to be tied except in cyclic compounds, where alkenes have higher priority

42
Q

Write the priority order of functional groups.

A

Carboxylic acid > anhydride > ester > amide > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > alkene or alkyne > alkane

43
Q
A

Organic Chemistry MCAT (7 decks)

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