Nomenclature Flashcards
1
Q
WHAT’S IN A
NAME?
A
- Identity/Descriptor
- Scientific name
- Common name
- Scientific name vs.
common names
2
Q
easier to pronounce andremember than scientific
names.
A
Common Names
3
Q
- simple and hence easy to
remember, - usually descriptive of the plant
A
Common Names
4
Q
larger numbers of people will
know what you are talking
about when _____
are used
A
common names
5
Q
scientific name of lady’s finger
A
Abelmoschus esculentus
6
Q
scientific name of fountain palm
A
Saribus rotundifolius
7
Q
(5) Problems with Common Names
A
- there are over 250,000 species of vascular plants and only a small
percentage have common names; - the same name is often used for different plants;
- common names are always in the local language, which prevents
communication of plant identities between users of different
languages; - there is no formal process for the application of common names
- it is usually not possible to determine when a common name was first used and the identity of the plant or plants to which it was
applied;
8
Q
(3) Problems with Common Names
A
- the same plant may have
different common names in
different regions. - the formal system of
nomenclature or “scientific
names” deals with these
and other problems very
effectively - use of common names for
plants can prevent the
communication of
information about plants
9
Q
use of common names for plants can prevent the communication of information about plants: a and b
A
a) there is no name
associated with the plant in
question
or b) confusion about the plant’s identity is
almost guaranteed in communications
between individuals in different regions of
the country and world.
10
Q
Ability to communicate is responsible for the
development of human societies and cultures
A
Scientific names
11
Q
Advancement of our knowledge is dependent
upon the communication of accurate information.
A
Scientific names
12
Q
Accurate communication of information has become critical to the ability of societies to function.
A
Scientific names
13
Q
Information about a particular species is useless if we cannot communicate first its identity
A
Scientific names
14
Q
- Pre Linnaean : De Candolle; Bauhin Brothers
- Linnaean Era
A
Beginnings
15
Q
Beginnings
A
- Pre Linnaean : De Candolle; Bauhin Brothers
- Linnaean Era
16
Q
Pre Linnaean:
A
De Candolle; Bauhin Brothers
17
Q
Linnaean Era
A
- Carolus Linneaus
- Species names have three components:
- (1) the genus name;
- (2) the specific epithet; and
- (3) the authority or individual(s) responsible for the name.
18
Q
three components of scientific name
A
- (1) the genus name;
- (2) the specific epithet; and
- (3) the authority or individual(s) responsible for the name
19
Q
Basic rules of scientific name
A
Component 1 and 2 ( genus and epithet) are either italicized or underlined
20
Q
the genus name for the group of plants commonly known as oaks.
A
Quercus
21
Q
Quercus is the genus name for the group of
plants commonly known as
A
oaks
22
Q
The specific epithet is ____ Latin for white,
and is descriptive of the bark and wood of
the plant commonly known as white oak.
A
alba
23
Q
The specific epithet is alba, Latin for ____,and is descriptive of the ____and ____
A
white
bark and wood
24
Q
The specific epithet is alba, Latin for white,
and is descriptive of the bark and wood of
the plant commonly known as ______
A
white oak.
25
In Quercus alba L. The authority is ___., an abbreviation for Linneaus, who first coined a formal name for this plant.
L.
26
Who first coined the Quercus alba L.
Linneaus
27
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is now known as
International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants
28
provide a uniform set of rules to be followed in applying names to plants
International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants
29
ICBN
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
30
The rules contained in the ICN are revised during the ____ ____ _____, which are held every six years.
International Botanical
Congresses
31
The rules contained in the ICN are revised during the International Botanical
Congresses, which are held every__
six years.
32
* Series of Propositions for Rendering the Nomenclature of Zoology Uniform
and Permanent (Hugh Strictland, 1842)
* Adopted by British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1846
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
33
* need for a formal international agreement to be made for rules to cover all
zoological names, irrespective of which bodies or disciplines required to use
them and applicable toboth fossil and extant animals
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
34
naming of taxa and the application of taxon names within a phylogenetic
context
Phylocode
35
Codes
- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
- The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) now International
Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants
- Phylocode
36
How many principles does the ICN have?
6
37
- The nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants is INDEPENDENT of zoological and prokaryotic nomenclature.
- This Code applies
equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as algae, fungi,
or plants, whether or not these groups were originally so treated.
Principle 1 of ICN
38
The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of NOMENCLATURAL TYPES
PRINCIPLE 2 OF ICN
39
The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon PRIORITY OF PUBLICATION
PRINCIPLE 3 OF ICN
40
Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only ONE CORRECT NAME, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in specified cases.
PRINCIPLE 4 OF ICN
41
Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as LATIN regardless of their derivation
PRINCIPLE 5 OF ICN
42
The rules of nomenclature are RETROACTIVE unless expressly limited.
PRINCIPLE 6 OF ICN
43
Principle of ICZN
(1) The Code refrains from infringing upon taxonomic judgment, which must not be made subject to regulation or restraint.
(2) Nomenclature does not determine the inclusiveness or exclusiveness of any taxon, nor the rank to be accorded to any assemblage of animals, but, rather, provides the name that is to be used for a taxon whatever taxonomic limits and rank are given to it.
44
how many Principle of ICZN is there
8
45
The Code refrains from infringing upon taxonomic judgment, which must not be made subject to regulation or restraint
Principle 1 of ICZN
46
Nomenclature does not determine the inclusiveness or exclusiveness of any taxon, nor the rank to be accorded to any
assemblage of animals, but, rather, provides the name that is to be used for a taxon whatever taxonomic limits and rank are given to it.
Principle 2 of ICZN
47
The device of name-bearing types allows names to be applied to taxa without infringing upon taxonomic judgment. Every name within the scope of the Code (except for the names of "collective groups" and of taxa above the family group) is permanently attached to a name-bearing type.
Principle 3 of ICZN
48
- For species and subspecies this name-bearing type is either a single specimen or several specimens that together constitute the name-bearer; for genera and subgenera it is a nominal species; for taxa at ranks of the family group it is a nominal genus.
Principle 3 of ICZN
49
- Accordingly, when a taxon at any rank is delineated by a taxonomist it may contain
several name-bearing types, each with a name that is available for use at that rank. The Principle of Priority (which may be modified in its operation in the interests of stability and universality) is used to determine which of those names is the valid one.
Principle 3 of ICZN
50
Nomenclatural rules are tools that are designed to provide the maximum
stability compatible with taxonomic freedom. Accordingly, the Code recognises
that the rigid application of the Principle of Priority may, in certain cases, upset
a long-accepted name in its accustomed meaning through the validation of a
little-known, or even long-forgotten, name. Therefore the rules must enable the
Principle of Priority to be set aside on occasions when its application would be
destructive of stability or universality, or would cause confusion. For use in such
cases the Code contains provisions that modify the automatic application of the
Principle of Priority, whether it concerns the establishment or precedence of
names, the fixation of name-bearing types, the spelling of a name, or any other
matter.
Principle 4 of ICZN
51
- To avoid ambiguity, the use of the same name for different taxa must not
occur and is prohibited.
-This is the Principle of Homonymy
Principle 5 of ICZN
52
The Code provides guidance for zoologists needing to establish new names, and
rules to determine whether any name, previously proposed, is available and with
what priority; whether the name requires amendment for its correct use, and to
enable the name-bearing type of the taxon it denotes to be ascertained (and, when
necessary, to be fixed).
Principle 6 of ICZN
53
The Code also provides for its own interpretation and administration, by
prescribing the constitution and operation of the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature and the conditions under which the Code may be amended.
Principle 7 of ICZN
54
There is no "case law" in zoological nomenclature. Problems in nomenclature are
decided by applying the Code directly, and never by reference to precedent. If the
Commission is called on to make a ruling on a particular case, the decision relates to
that case alone.
Principle 8 of ICZN
55
This need not be the most typical or representative element but
is the ORIGINAL MATERIAL on which the description of the taxon
is based
Rule # 1. Nomenclatural Type:
56
constituent element (a specimen,
or a description or a figure) of a taxon to which the name is
permanently attached.
nomenclatural type
57
Type Specimens
1. Holotype
2. Isotype
3. Syntype
4. Paratype
5. Lectotype
6. Neotype
7. Topotype
58
Specimen or other element designated by the author or used by him as
the nomenclatural type.
Holotype
59
This is a duplicate of the holotype
Isotype
60
When more than one specimen are cited by the author without
mentioning which is the holotype, each specimen is designated as a
Syntype.
Syntype
61
* Specimens cited along with the holotype are designated as Para- types.
Paratype
62
* This is a substitute of the holotype when that is lost and is to be selected from
the isotypes.
* When no holotype was designated by the author a specimen from the original
material is selected to be the Lectotype.
Lectotype
63
When all original materials are missing a Neotype is selected from other
materials.
Neotype
64
Specimen of a species collected at the same locality as the holotype.
Topotype
65
* In the case of a family or a taxon below the rank of a family the
earliest legitimate name should be considered as valid (or
correct).
* For this purpose 1st May 1753 is taken as the earliest date for all
plants except the Fungi, some Algae, and the Musci other than
the Sphagnaceae.
* This means the names appearing in Linnaeus’s Species
Plantarum are the earliest names for the purpose of
consideration of the Rule of Priority; those published earlier are
not to be given priority.
Rule # 2. Rule of Priority
66
* For this purpose ___(date) is taken as the earliest date for all plants except the Fungi, some Algae, and the Musci other than
the Sphagnaceae
1st May 1753
67
* For this purpose 1st May 1753 is taken as the earliest date for allplants except the ___, some ___, and the __other than
the Sphagnaceae
Fungi, some Algae, and the Musci other than
the Sphagnaceae
68
This means the names appearing in ______are the earliest names for the purpose of
consideration of the Rule of Priority; those published earlier are
not to be given priority.
Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum
69
In the case of a family or a taxon below the rank of a family the ___ __name should be considered as valid (or
correct).
earliest legitimate
70
* The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the
name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet.
* The name of a genus is a substantive in the singular number.
* The specific epithet is an adjective and is of the same gender as
the generic name,or is a noun in apposition to the generic name.
* The specific epithet must not exactly repeat the generic name.
Rule # 3. Names of Taxa
71
The name of a species is a __ consisting of the
name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet.
binary combination
72
The name of a genus is a substantive in the ____
singular number
73
* The specific epithet is an adjective and is of the same gender as the _____,or is a noun in apposition to the generic name
generic name
74
The specific epithet must not exactly repeat the ____
generic name
75
* The name of an infra-specific taxon is a combination of the
name of a species and an infra-specific epithet connected by a
term denoting its rank.
* The name of a genus or of a taxa of higher rank is spelt with a
capital initial letter.
* All specific and infra-specific epithets should be written with a
small initial letter. Formerly it was the custom to spell the
epithets with a capital initial letter where the epithets were
derived from the names of persons, or were vernacular names,
or were former generic names. This is not followed at present.
* Cannabis sativa subsp. indica
Infraspecific taxa
75
* The name of an infra-specific taxon is a combination of the
name of a species and an infra-specific epithet connected by a
term denoting its rank.
* The name of a genus or of a taxa of higher rank is spelt with a
capital initial letter.
* All specific and infra-specific epithets should be written with a
small initial letter. Formerly it was the custom to spell the
epithets with a capital initial letter where the epithets were
derived from the names of persons, or were vernacular names,
or were former generic names. This is not followed at present.
* Cannabis sativa subsp. indica
76
is a combination of the
name of a species and an infra-specific epithet connected by a
term denoting its rank.
infra-specific taxon
77
The name of a genus or of a taxa of higher rank is spelt with a
___ initial letter.
capital
78
All specific and infra-specific epithets should be written with a ___ initial letter. Formerly it was the custom to spell the epithets with a capital initial letter where the epithets were
derived from the names of persons, or were vernacular names, or were former generic names. This is not followed at present.
small
79
The name of a family is derived from the name of the genus which is the type for the family. The name of a subfamily, a tribe
or a sub-tribe is derived from the name of the type-genus belonging to that subfamily, tribe or sub-tribe.
Type genus and family name
80
The name of a family is derived from the name of the ___
which is the type for the family.
genus
81
The name of a subfamily, a tribe
or a sub-tribe is derived from the name of the ____
belonging to that subfamily, tribe or sub-tribe.
type-genus
82
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Order
”ales” (e.g. Rosales)
83
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Suborder
”ineae” (e.g. Rosineae)
84
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Family
”aceae” (e.g. Rosaceae)
85
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Subfamily
”oideae” (e.g. Rosoideae)
86
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Tribe
”eac”
87
Endings of the names of taxa above
the rank of genus (Rose)
* Subtribe
”inae
88
Alternative family names
* Palmae
(Arecaceae from Areca)
89
Alternative family names
* Gramineae
Poaceae from Poa
90
Alternative family names
* Guttiferae
(Clusiaceae from Clusia)
91
Alternative family names
*Labiatae
Lamiaceae front Lamium
92
Alternative family names
*Compositae
Asteraceae from Aster
93
Alternative family names
*Leguminosae
Fabaceae from Faba
94
* Any printed matter when widely circulated is regarded as effectively
published. It is sufficient, if the printed matter is distributed at least
to the botanical institutions with libraries accessible to botanists
generally.
* The date of effective publication is the date on which the printed
matter became available.
* Valid publication of a name of new taxon is necessary to have it
effectively published, to have a correct form and to be accompanied
by a description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously published
description.
* For the name of a new taxon to be valid it is necessary that the
description or the diagnosis should be in Latin.
Rule # 4. Effective and Valid Publication
95
Those published earlier to ___are considered valid
even if the description or diagnosis were not in Latin.
1st Jan. 1935
96
In the case of Algae the date has been fixed as 1st Jan. 1958
instead of ____ the Latin description or diagnosis of a
new taxon must be accompanied by an illustration or figure.
1st Jan. 1935,
97
Publication of a new name of the rank of family or below on or
after ____ is not considered valid if the type is not
indicated.
1st January, 1958
98
The name of a taxon below the rank of a ___is not validly
published unless the name of the genus or species to which it is assigned is validly published.
genus
99
* He who first validly published the name of a taxon is the author of that name. It is necessary to cite the name of the author after the name of the ___.
taxon
100
Any ___matter when widely circulated is regarded as effectively published. It is sufficient, if the printed matter is distributed at least to the _____ with libraries accessible to botanists generally.
printed
botanical institutions
101
The ___of effective publication is the date on which the printed matter became available.
date
102
___publication of a name of new taxon is necessary to have it effectively published, to have a correct form and to be accompanied by a description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously published description.
Valid
103
For the name of a new taxon to be valid it is necessary that the
description or the diagnosis should be in __.
Latin
104
* When a species is transferred to another genus without change
of rank the specific epithet must be retained.
* If the name of a genus is changed being illegitimate, the binary
combinations for all the species under that genus should be
changed also and in doing so the new generic name should be
used retaining the older specific epithets.
* This rule applies equally to infra-specific taxa. A specific epithet
is not illegitimate merely because it was originally published
under an illegitimate generic name; it is to be taken into
consideration for purpose of priority
Rule # 5. Retention of Specific and Infraspecific Epithets:
105
When a species is transferred to another genus without change of ___the specific __must be reatined
rank
epithet
106
If the name of a genus is changed being ___, the __ ___ for all the species under that genus should be
changed also and in doing so the new generic name should be
used retaining the older specific epithets
illegitimate; binary
combinations
107
This rule applies equally to infra-specific taxa. A specific epithet is not illegitimate merely because it was originally published under an ___ ___ __; it is to be taken into consideration for purpose of priority.
illegitimate generic name
108
* A name is to be rejected if it is used in different senses and for
that reason has become a source of error.
* A name is to be rejected if it is based on a type consisting of two
or more entirely discordant elements.
* A name is to be rejected also if it is based on a monstrosity.
Rule # 6. Rejection of Names:
109
A name is to be rejected if it is used in different ___and for
that reason has become a source of error.
senses
110
A ___is to be rejected if it is based on a type consisting of two
or more entirely discordant ___.
name; elements
111
A name is to be rejected also if it is based on a ___-.
monstrosity
112
* When a genus is divided into 2 or more genera the original
generic name must be retained for one of the smaller genera
which includes the type species of the undivided genus. This
rule applies equally to cases of division of species.
Rule # 7. Splitting of a Genus
113
When a genus is divided into__ _ __ genera the original
generic name must be retained for one of the smaller genera
which includes the type species of the undivided genus. This
rule applies equally to cases of division of species.
2 or more
114
* All names of a taxon other than the valid names are synonyms of that taxon.
* When the name of a species or of an infra-specific taxon is
changed the synonym of which the epithet is to be taken for the valid name, is Basionym for that taxon.
Rule # 8. Synonym and Basionym:
115
two primary resources for finding out the correct spelling of
a name
the authors who published it, and
the journal in which it was published.
116
-First decide which species belong to that genus (circumscription).
-Investigation of members of related genera must be done
-Once the genus has been circumscribed, the next step is to decide how many infrageneric taxa
are required, designate infraspecific taxa (subspecies and varieties).
-Once species circumscriptions are done, the species descriptions can be prepared. All the type specimens
associated with the genus must be studied in order to determine the correct name for each species.
- Then, descriptions, which include the designation of nomenclatural types and the listing of synonyms, are
prepared and submitted for publication in a scientific journal.
Revision of Names/Taxa
117
1753, Carl Linnaeus put tomatoes
into the __
Solanum
118
1768 , another botanist, ___ ___, did not agree with Linnaeus’s
and moved it to its own genus, naming it____
Philip Miller
Lycopersicon esculentum
119
____ ____ was suggested by Karsten (1888), it is not used because it violates the International Code of Nomenclature
Lycopersicum lycopersicum
120
Lycopersicum lycopersicum was
suggested by ___(1888), it is not used because it violates the
____ ____ _ _____
Karsten;
International Code of Nomenclature
121
The corrected name Lycopersicon
lycopersicum (Nicolson 1974) was
technically valid, because Miller's ___
name and Linnaeus's ___name
differ in exact spelling
genus; species
122
Since Lycopersicon esculentum has
become so well known, it was officially
listed as a _____
nomen conservandum
123
___evidence has now shown that
Linnaeus was correct to put the tomato
in the genus Solanum, making Solanum
lycopersicum the correct name
Genetic
124
TOMATO: kingdom
Scientific name: Plantae
Common name: Plants
125
Tomato: Subkingdom
Scientific name: Tracheophyta
CN: Vascular plants
126
Tomato: Superdivision
SN: Spermatophyta
CN: Seed plants
127
Tomato: Division
SN: Angiosperms
CN: Flowering plants
128
Tomato: Class
SN: Magnoliopsida
CN: Dicotyledons
129
Tomato: SubClass
SN: Asteridae
CN: ASTRIDS
130
TOmato: Order
SN: Solanales
131
Tomato: Family
SN: Solanaceae
CN: Nightshades
132
Tomato: Genus
SN: Solanun
