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SYSTEMATICS > HISTORY OF SYSTEMATICS > Flashcards

HISTORY OF SYSTEMATICS Flashcards

1
Q

EARLIEST: “____”:

A

FOLK TAXONOMY

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2
Q

(3) Three Pre-Linnaean:

A

Chinese, Romans and
Greeks

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3
Q
  • Pre-Linnaean: Chinese, Romans and
    Greeks
    -Old language skill of mankind
    -Names of edible, poisonous plant
A

EARLIEST: “FOLK TAXONOMY”:

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4
Q

one of the earliest disciplines of Botany

A

Plant taxonomy

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5
Q

essential in ethnobiological studies

A

Folk taxonomy

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6
Q

____plants aspects
are identified ox which 2,
____ are of
angiosperms

A

4,000,000
860,000

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7
Q

TAXONOMY IN BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT

A
  • increased need for conservation of biological resources,
    -biodiversity assessment during the last few years has increase
    -taxonomic studies are being encouraged throughout the
    world.
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8
Q

HISTORY OF TAXONOMY: PLANTS

A

Folk taxonomy
â—Ľcategorization of useful plants of folk
taxonomy
â—Ľdifferentiated them with reference
economic value = herbal taxonomy

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9
Q

EXPLORATORY PHASE: EARLY TAXONOMIC STUDIES

A
  • Taxonomy was merely
    exploration and naming
    of species
    -Emperor Shen Nung
    (3000 BC)
    -Medicinal plants were
    illustrated on wall
    paintings in Egypt (1500
    BC)
    -Aristotle (384–322 BC)
    Greek philosopher
    -Theophrastus (370-285
    BC) published “Enquiry
    into Plants.
    -Dioscorides (40–90 AD)
    -Pliny (23-29 AD)
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10
Q

oldest and largest ____,
____, plants are
included as medicines for
different diseases

A

papyrus rolls,
Ebers Papyrus

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11
Q
  • first to classify all living things,
  • the vertebrates and
    invertebrates which he called
    animals with blood and without
    blood.
A

Aristotle

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12
Q

He proposed Crataegus,
Daucus, Asparagus and
Narcissus etc. in his work.

A

Theophrastus

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13
Q

wrote De Materia
Medica, which contained
around 600 species
medicinal plants

A

Dioscorides

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14
Q

wrote
160 volumes on Natural
history of which 37
volumes are present

A

Pliny

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15
Q

â—Ľ Emperor of China
â—Ľ List of medicinal plants
â—Ľ Introduced acupuncture

A

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

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16
Q

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG introduced introduced _____

A

acupuncture

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17
Q
  • Father of Agriculture and
    Medicine in China
  • Divine Husbandman’s
    Materia Medica included
    365 medicines derived from
    minerals, plants, and animals
A

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

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18
Q

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG Divine Husbandman’s
____ included
___ medicines derived from
___, ___, and ____

A

Materia Medica
365
minerals, plants, and animals

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19
Q

The first classification system often broke plants down into three (3) groups, namely;

A

tress
shrubs
herbs

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20
Q

Elder’s, medical papyrus classified plants based on their ___

A

habits

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21
Q

Historia Animalium

A

History of animals

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22
Q

He classified animals with blood and animals without blood

A

ARISTOTLE

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23
Q

Animals with blood

A

Live-bearing (humans and
mammals)
Egg-bearing (birds and fish

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24
Q

Animals without blood

A

Insects
Shelled and non-shelled
crustaceans
Mollusks

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25
Q

-student of Aristotle and Plato
- Father of Botany

A

THEOPHRASTUS

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26
Q
  • wrote a classification of all known plants,
    De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and
    De Causis Plantarum
A

THEOPHRASTUS

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27
Q

used for taxonomic purposes until the Middle
Ages in Europe

A

De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and
De Causis Plantarum

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28
Q

THEOPHRASTUS classification was based on

A

growth form –
annual, biennial, perennial

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29
Q

THEOPHRASTUS used ___ and ___ to group things

A

species and genus

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30
Q

Greek physician, pharmacologist,
botanist,

A

PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES

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31
Q

___ a 5-volume Greek
encyclopedia about herbal medicine and
related medicinal substances

A

De materia medica

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32
Q

De materia medica —a 5-volume Greek
encyclopedia about

A

herbal medicine and
related medicinal substances

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33
Q
  • widely read for more than 1,500 years
  • used in medicine until the 16th
    century, and was copied several
    times
A

De materia medica

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34
Q
  • Pliny the elder
    â—Ľ Roman army, later in the Roman state.
    â—Ľ wrote many books, the only one that has survived
  • Naturalis Historia
A

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

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34
Q
  • Pliny the elder
    â—Ľ Roman army, later in the Roman state.
    â—Ľ wrote many books, the only one that has survived
  • Naturalis Historia
A

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

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34
Q
  • Pliny the elder
    â—Ľ Roman army, later in the Roman state.
    â—Ľ wrote many books, the only one that has survived
  • Naturalis Historia
A

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

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35
Q

The only book that was written by Gaius Plinius Secundus that has survived

A

Naturalis Historia

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36
Q

160 voumes, in which he described several
plants and gave them Latin names
â—Ľ Many names we still recognize, like Populus
alba and Populus nigra

A

Naturalis Historia

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37
Q
  • Naturalis Historia has __ voumes in which he described several plants and gave them Latin names
A

160

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38
Q

â—Ľ Father of Botanical Latin - later kept for botanical
science

A

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

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39
Q

â—Ľ Collecting and illustrating medicinal plants
â—Ľ Use of plant and plant extracts; not much
classification

A

HERBALISTS
TO DARWIN

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40
Q

â—Ľ More elaborate than previous works
â—Ľ Scientific increase, mild dissociation

A

HERBALISTS
TO DARWIN

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41
Q

Rise of book printing

A

HERBALISTS
TO DARWIN

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42
Q

theologian and botanist

A

Otto Brunfels

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43
Q

priest, physician, botanist

A

Hieronymus Bock

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44
Q

physician and botanist

A

Leonhart Fuchs ((1501-1566)

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45
Q

physician, naturalist

A

Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1501-1577)

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46
Q

physician, naturalist

A

William Turner (1508-1568)

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47
Q

physician, plant enthusiast

A

Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616)

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48
Q

apprentice to a surgeon, herbalist

A

John Gerard (1545-1612)

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49
Q

doctor, botanist

A

Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)

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50
Q

HERBALISTS TO DARWIN botanist, herbalist, and physicians

A

Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)
Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554)
Leonhart Fuchs ((1501-1566)
Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1501-1577)
William Turner (1508-1568)
Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616)
John Gerard (1545-1612)
Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)

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51
Q

Linnaeus later named plant groups to honor :

A

Brunfelsia, Mattiolia, Turnera,
Lobelia, Gerardia and Fuchsia.

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52
Q

EXPLORATORY PHASE : ______

A

ESTABLISHMENT OF HERBARIA

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53
Q

The first herbarium was established in ___

A

1553 in Padua (ITALY)

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54
Q

â—Ľ physician, extremely influential among his students and fellow botanists throughout Europe

A

Luca Ghini

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55
Q

â—Ľ founded the first botanical garden; first herbarium collection
â—Ľ Central method: careful observation and note taking was essential

A

Luca Ghini

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56
Q

careful observation and note taking was essential

A

Central method:

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57
Q
  • The first herbarium was established in 1553 in Padua (ITALY)
  • Luca Ghini
    -Middle of 17th century, herbaria were established in different parts of the world
A

EXPLORATORY PHASE : ESTABLISHMENT OF HERBARIA

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58
Q

Middle of __century, herbaria were established in different parts of the world

A

17th

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59
Q

Ceasalipino (1519-1603)
Bauhin (1560-1624)
John Ray (1627-1705)
de Tournefort (1656-1708)
Pierre Belon
Linnaeus (1753) – Father of Taxonomy

A

EXPLORATORY PHASE: LINNEAN ERA

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60
Q

-they gave concept of species, synonymy, classification and nomenclature.
-defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns
shared

A

Ceasalipino, Bauhin, John Ray, de Tournefort

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61
Q

â—Ľ botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on skeletons of humans and birds

A

Pierre Belon

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62
Q

Pierre Belon is botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on _____

A

skeletons of humans and birds

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63
Q

â—Ľ published Species Plantarum
â—Ľ introduced binomial nomenclature
â—Ľ introduced sexual system in classification
â—Ľ artificial system on few characters.

A

Linnaeus (1753) – Father of Taxonomy

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64
Q

Linnaeus published____

A

Species Plantarum

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65
Q

Linnaeus introduced ___ and ___

A

binomial nomenclature ; sexual system in classification

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66
Q

“the first taxonomist”
-Rejected blind trust (prepositions, topdown)

A

ANDREA CESALPINO

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67
Q

____, a work that contained 1500
species

A

De Plantis

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68
Q

De Plantis is a work that contained 1500
species made by

A

ANDREA CESALPINO

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69
Q

Andrea Cesalpino groups of species

A

herbs and trees

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70
Q

Andrea Cesalpino plant families

A

Brassicaceae and
Asteraceae

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71
Q

Andrea Cesalpino Important criterion:

A

embryo, seed,
seedling

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72
Q

Andrea Cesalpino posteriori (inductive principle) :

A

observations, facts, past events

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73
Q

-Used FAMILY concept
-Used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers
- Listed 76 families

A

PIERRE MAGNOL

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74
Q

PIERRE MAGNOL used conspicuous characters of

A

roots, stems and flowers

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75
Q

PIERRE MAGNOL listed __families

A

76 families

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76
Q

-physician, botanist
-Historia plantarum universalis (1650–51; “General History of
Plants”),

A

Jean Bauhin

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77
Q

Historia plantarum
universalis

A

“General History of
Plants

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78
Q
  • elaborate descriptions
    of more than 5,000
    species
A

Historia plantarum
universalis

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79
Q

recognized genera and
species as major
taxonomic levels.

A

Jean Bauhin

80
Q

-physician, anatomist, and
botanist
-wrote the work Pinax
Theatri Botanici in 1623

A

Gaspard Bauhin

81
Q

Pinax means ___

A

register

82
Q
  • included synonyms, which
    was a great necessity of the
    time.
  • introduced a scientific
    binomial system of
    classification
    -recognized genera and
    species as major
    taxonomic levels.
A

Gaspard Bauhin

83
Q

BAUHIN BROTHERS

A

Jean Bauhin
Gaspard Bauhin

84
Q

-naturalist and botanist
-establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy

A

JOHN RAY

85
Q

JOHN RAY published important works on ___

A

botany, zoology, and natural
theology

86
Q

classification of plants - ______, an important step
towards modern taxonomy

A

Historia Plantarum

87
Q

rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species
were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type
system

A

JOHN RAY

88
Q

John Ray classified plants according to ____ and ___that emerged from observation

A

similarities and differences

89
Q
  • Monocotyledons/dicotyledons
  • Used genus as a factual taxonomic group
A

JOHN RAY

90
Q

Physician, botanist
â—Ľ collected many plant species on scientific expeditions

A

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

91
Q

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT beautifully illustrated ____

A

Éléments de botanique

92
Q

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT primary emphasis on the classification of __

A

genera

93
Q

DE TOURNEFORT classification entirely upon the structure of the ____ and ___

A

flower and fruit.

94
Q

-denied the sexuality of plants
-classifications above the level of the genus were often
artificial.

A

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

95
Q

DE TOURNEFORT use of a single Latin name for the ___, followed by a few descriptive words for the __- a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature

A

genus; species

96
Q
  • author of modern genus concept
  • Herbarium
A

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

97
Q

botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician
-first to frame principles for defining natural genera and
species of organisms

A

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

98
Q

Systema Naturae

A

“The System of Nature

99
Q

Systema Naturae volume of only ___pages presented a _____, ___: ___, ____, and ____

A

11
hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals

100
Q

Systema Naturae each kingdom was subdivided into ___,___,___,___, and ___

A

classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties.

101
Q

CAROLUS LINNAEUS’ ___ was considered crowning
taxonomic achievement.

A

Genera Plantarum

102
Q

Genera Plantarum presented a system based on “____” of
genera

A

natural characters

103
Q

Genera Plantarum morphological descriptions of all the parts of ____ and ____

A

flowers and fruit

104
Q
  • Focused on genealogy
A

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON

105
Q
  • Allied species arise from a common ancestor
  • Beginnings of phylogenetic relationship
A

genealogy

106
Q

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON - the first to recognize ____-

A

ecological succession

107
Q

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON countered the theory of ____

A

pre-existence

108
Q

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON observation:

A

similar environments, different regions
had different flora and fauna (biogeography)

109
Q

____, taxa are arbitrary , species could
improve or degenerate into others (evolve) in
response to environment

A

Anti-Linnaean

110
Q
  • French naturalist, biologist, soldier
  • classifications are artificial, though still useful
    (dichotomous)
A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

111
Q

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK divded animals - ____, ____ (___)

A

vertebrates, invertebrates
(absence of blood)

112
Q

Theory of transmutation - species may
transform to another to achieve
perfection/complexity

A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

113
Q

species may transform to another to achieve perfection/complexity

A

Theory of transmutation

114
Q

â—Ľ Introduce concept of evolution - Law of Use
and Disuse

A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

115
Q

concept of evolution

A
  • Law of Use
    and Disuse
116
Q
  • Reflected natural system
    -Weighing of characters
A

MICHEL ADANSON

117
Q

Grandfather of numerical taxonomy

A

MICHEL ADANSON

118
Q

MICHEL ADANSON book:

A

Familles des plantes

119
Q
  • contempt for “systems”
  • proposed a natural classification based upon
    all characters rather than upon a few arbitrarily
    selected ones
A

Familles des plantes

120
Q

GEORGE CUVIER divided animal life to 4 branches, namely;

A

articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata

121
Q

GEORGE CUVIER divided animal life to 4 branches, articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata according to _____

A

archetypes/body plans

122
Q
  • archetypes as functional requirements
  • theory of catastrophism - species are immutable but can go extinct (revolutionary thought)
  • comparative anatomy of fossil and living
    forms
A

GEORGE CUVIER

123
Q

species are immutable but can go extinct
(revolutionary thought)

A

theory of catastrophism

124
Q

-French naturalist
-Unity of composition (living and extinct)

A

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

125
Q

-Species are mutable as influenced by environmental conditions
- Homologous structures of species

A

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

126
Q

-German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist,
statesman, theatre director, and critic
-Archetypes contained the inherent nature of a taxon
(bird-ness, mammal-ness, etc..)

A

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

127
Q

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE coined the term ___to present the entirety of an organism’s form from development to adult as opposed to type (gestalt)

A

morphology

128
Q

Archetypes contained the inherent ___
(bird-ness, mammal-ness, etc..)

A

nature of a taxon

129
Q

-German naturalist, ornithologist
- Importance of observable features

A

LORENZ OKEN

130
Q

-Homologize vertebral elements with vertebral skull with fusion as main development mechanism

A

LORENZ OKEN

131
Q

Homologize vertebral elements with
____ with fusion as main
development mechanism

A

vertebral skull

132
Q

Homologize vertebral elements with
vertebral skull with fusion as _____

A

main development mechanism

133
Q

Groups based on presence of sense organs

A

-Dermatozoa (invertebrates)
â—Ź Glossozoa (Fish)
â—Ź Rhinozoa (Reptiles)
â—Ź Otozoa (Birds)
â—Ź Opthalmozoa (Mammals)

134
Q

Dermatozoa

A

(invertebrates)

135
Q

â—Ź Glossozoa

A

(Fish)

136
Q

â—Ź Rhinozoa

A

(Reptiles)

137
Q

â—Ź Otozoa

A

(Birds)

138
Q

â—Ź Opthalmozoa

A

(Mammals)

139
Q

Taxonomy is marked by publication of a number of monumental works on plant classification

A

CONSOLIDATION PHASE

140
Q

Notable figures in Consolidation Phase

A

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle
RICHARD OWEN
BENTHAM AND HOOKER

141
Q

Notable figures in Consolidation Phase: EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

A

Charles Darwin
ERNST HAECKEL
Theodosius Dobzhansky

142
Q

modified Linnaeus system

A

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

143
Q

first to put forward the idea of “Nature’s war“

A

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

144
Q

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle is the first to put forward the idea of ____

A

“Nature’s war

145
Q

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle recognize the difference between the ____ and ___ of organs

A

morphological and physiological
characteristics

146
Q
  • Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802) by ___
A

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

147
Q

-proposed a natural method of plant classification
-taxa do not fall along a linear scale

A

Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)

148
Q
  • English biologist, paleontologist, comparative
    anatomist
A

RICHARD OWEN

149
Q

he defined homology and analogy

A

RICHARD OWEN

150
Q

same structure different function
- same function, different structure

A

-homology
-analogy

151
Q

George Bentham (1800–1884) and
Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911)

A

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

152
Q

closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

A

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

153
Q

BENTHAM AND HOOKER is closely affiliated to the _______

A

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

154
Q

who proposed natural system of
classification of seed plants?

A

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

155
Q

BENTHAM AND HOOKER proposed natural system of
classification of ____

A

seed plants

156
Q

who published Genera Plantarum?

A

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

157
Q

BENTHAM AND HOOKER published _____

A

Genera Plantarum

158
Q

Genera Plantarum has ___families, ___ genera

A

200 ; 7569

159
Q

-naturalist, geologist and biologist
- published On the Origin of Species

A

Charles Darwin (1859)

160
Q

Charles Darwin published _____

A

On the Origin of Species (1859)

161
Q

-suggested the principle of natural selection
-evolution of species by common descent
-Tree of Life

A

Charles Darwin (1859)

162
Q

Charles Darwin suggested the _____

A

principle of natural selection

163
Q

zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist

A

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

164
Q
  • Promoted Darwin’s theory of evolution
A

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

165
Q

ERNST HAECKEL presented the tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle) in ____

A

graphical form

166
Q

-presented the tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle)
in graphical form
-showed genealogical relationships, degrees of
modification

A

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

167
Q

coined the term Phylogeny to refer to genealogical
relationships

A

ERNST HAECKEL

168
Q

ERNST HAECKEL coined the term ___ to refer to genealogical relationships

A

Phylogeny

169
Q

ERNST HAECKEL coined the term Phylogeny to refer to _____

A

genealogical relationships

170
Q

CONSOLIDATION PHASE: INTRODUCTION TO PHYLOGENETIC
CONCEPT (notable figures)

A

-Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887)
-Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)
-Bessey (1845-1915)
- Hallier (1868-1938)
-John Hutchinson (1955)

171
Q

Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution

A

Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887)

172
Q

â—Ľ suggested semiphylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien

A

Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)

173
Q

â—Ľ Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny

A

Bessey (1845-1915)

174
Q

◼ Improved Bessey’s work

A

Hallier (1868-1938)

175
Q

â—Ľ 24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants

A

John Hutchinson (1955)

176
Q
  • The classification was based on distribution, Ecology, Anatomy, Palynology Cytology and Biochemistry apart from Morphology
    -Techniques of herbarium preparation and presentation were developed and established
A

The classification was based on distribution, Ecology, Anatomy, Palynology Cytology and Biochemistry apart from Morphology

177
Q

Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution
and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981);

A

Takhtajan (1969)

178
Q
  • Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level
A

Stebbins (1974)

179
Q
  • Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae”
A

Robert Throne (1976)

180
Q

published “Biological Species Concept”

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

181
Q
  • Proposed the Biological concept defined
    species as “a group of interbreeding
    population reproductively isolated
    from any other such group of
    population.
A

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

182
Q

what did Theodosius Dobzhansky published

A

Biological Species Concept

183
Q

Proposed the Biological concept defined species a

A

“a group of interbreeding
population reproductively isolated
from any other such group of
population.

184
Q

CONSOLIDATION PHASE: INSIGHTS

A

Species are dynamic….
(a) All populations tend to vary and no two species are ever alike.
(b) Some of these variations are adaptive and are of survival value.
(c) Forces of nature result in the extinction of some individual while others survive the same force.
(d) Some variations shown by individual within a population must be hereditary.
(e) The environments of individuals are not static.
(f) The focus on reason and logic

185
Q

-improvement in the area of taxonomic concept and application
-rise of Biosystematics

A

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

186
Q

-The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of “holotaxonomy”
(straightforward).
-Huxley (1940) proposed the term “New systematics.”

A

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

187
Q

Camp and Gilly (1943) proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics

A

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

188
Q

The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of ?

A

“holotaxonomy”
(straightforward).

189
Q

Huxley proposed the term _____

A

New systematics.”

190
Q

who proposed the term “New systematics.”

A

Huxley (1940)

191
Q

Camp and Gilly (1943) proposed the term “___” to new systematics.

A

Biosystematics

192
Q

______ proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics.

A

Camp and Gilly (1943)

193
Q

The number, size and shape of ___ were considered by cytotaxonomists as very reliable
taxa

A

chromosomes

194
Q

-development of techniques like two-dimensional paper chromatography
- identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites - “Chemotaxonomy”.

A

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TECHNIQUES

195
Q

identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites

A

Chemotaxonomy

196
Q

new techniques give details as amino acid sequencing and determining nucleotide sequence in DNA and RNA

A

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TECHNIQUES

197
Q

Information is gathered, analysed, and a meaningful inference is drawn for understanding phylogeny:
â—Ľ independent discipline of taxonomy, i.e., Numerical Taxonomy
â—Ľ Collection of data, analysis and synthesis

A

ENCYLCLOPAEDIC OR HOLOTAXONOMIC PHASE:

198
Q

Information is gathered, analysed, and a meaningful inference is drawn for understanding phylogeny:
â—Ľ Numerical Taxonomy or quantitative taxonomy
â—Ľ based on numerical evaluation of the similarity between groups of organisms
â—Ľ ordering of these groups into higher ranking taxa on the basis of these similarities.

A

ENCYLCLOPAEDIC OR HOLOTAXONOMIC PHASE

199
Q

Collection of data, analysis and synthesis

A

Numerical Taxonomy

SYSTEMATICS (4 decks)

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