HISTORY OF SYSTEMATICS Flashcards by Sagiii 🏹

EARLIEST: “____”:

FOLK TAXONOMY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(3) Three Pre-Linnaean:

Chinese, Romans and
Greeks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pre-Linnaean: Chinese, Romans and
Greeks
-Old language skill of mankind
-Names of edible, poisonous plant

EARLIEST: “FOLK TAXONOMY”:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

one of the earliest disciplines of Botany

Plant taxonomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

essential in ethnobiological studies

Folk taxonomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____plants aspects
are identified ox which 2,
____ are of
angiosperms

4,000,000
860,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TAXONOMY IN BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT

increased need for conservation of biological resources,
-biodiversity assessment during the last few years has increase
-taxonomic studies are being encouraged throughout the
world.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HISTORY OF TAXONOMY: PLANTS

Folk taxonomy
◼categorization of useful plants of folk
taxonomy
◼differentiated them with reference
economic value = herbal taxonomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EXPLORATORY PHASE: EARLY TAXONOMIC STUDIES

Taxonomy was merely
exploration and naming
of species
-Emperor Shen Nung
(3000 BC)
-Medicinal plants were
illustrated on wall
paintings in Egypt (1500
BC)
-Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Greek philosopher
-Theophrastus (370-285
BC) published “Enquiry
into Plants.
-Dioscorides (40–90 AD)
-Pliny (23-29 AD)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oldest and largest ____,
____, plants are
included as medicines for
different diseases

papyrus rolls,
Ebers Papyrus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first to classify all living things,
the vertebrates and
invertebrates which he called
animals with blood and without
blood.

Aristotle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He proposed Crataegus,
Daucus, Asparagus and
Narcissus etc. in his work.

Theophrastus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wrote De Materia
Medica, which contained
around 600 species
medicinal plants

Dioscorides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wrote
160 volumes on Natural
history of which 37
volumes are present

Pliny

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

◼ Emperor of China
◼ List of medicinal plants
◼ Introduced acupuncture

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG introduced introduced _____

acupuncture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Father of Agriculture and
Medicine in China
Divine Husbandman’s
Materia Medica included
365 medicines derived from
minerals, plants, and animals

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EMPEROR SHEN NUNG Divine Husbandman’s
____ included
___ medicines derived from
___, ___, and ____

Materia Medica
365
minerals, plants, and animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The first classification system often broke plants down into three (3) groups, namely;

tress
shrubs
herbs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elder’s, medical papyrus classified plants based on their ___

habits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Historia Animalium

History of animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He classified animals with blood and animals without blood

ARISTOTLE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Animals with blood

Live-bearing (humans and
mammals)
Egg-bearing (birds and fish

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Animals without blood

Insects
Shelled and non-shelled
crustaceans
Mollusks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-student of Aristotle and Plato - Father of Botany

THEOPHRASTUS

- wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum

THEOPHRASTUS

used for taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe

De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum

THEOPHRASTUS classification was based on

growth form – annual, biennial, perennial

THEOPHRASTUS used ___ and ___ to group things

species and genus

Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist,

PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES

___ a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances

De materia medica

De materia medica —a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about

herbal medicine and related medicinal substances

- widely read for more than 1,500 years - used in medicine until the 16th century, and was copied several times

De materia medica

- Pliny the elder ◼ Roman army, later in the Roman state. ◼ wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

- Pliny the elder ◼ Roman army, later in the Roman state. ◼ wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

- Pliny the elder ◼ Roman army, later in the Roman state. ◼ wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

The only book that was written by Gaius Plinius Secundus that has survived

Naturalis Historia

160 voumes, in which he described several plants and gave them Latin names ◼ Many names we still recognize, like Populus alba and Populus nigra

Naturalis Historia

- Naturalis Historia has __ voumes in which he described several plants and gave them Latin names

160

◼ Father of Botanical Latin - later kept for botanical science

GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS

◼ Collecting and illustrating medicinal plants ◼ Use of plant and plant extracts; not much classification

HERBALISTS TO DARWIN

◼ More elaborate than previous works ◼ Scientific increase, mild dissociation

HERBALISTS TO DARWIN

Rise of book printing

HERBALISTS TO DARWIN

theologian and botanist

Otto Brunfels

priest, physician, botanist

Hieronymus Bock

physician and botanist

Leonhart Fuchs ((1501-1566)

physician, naturalist

Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1501-1577)

physician, naturalist

William Turner (1508-1568)

physician, plant enthusiast

Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616)

apprentice to a surgeon, herbalist

John Gerard (1545-1612)

doctor, botanist

Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)

HERBALISTS TO DARWIN botanist, herbalist, and physicians

Otto Brunfels (1488-1534) Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) Leonhart Fuchs ((1501-1566) Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1501-1577) William Turner (1508-1568) Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616) John Gerard (1545-1612) Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)

Linnaeus later named plant groups to honor :

Brunfelsia, Mattiolia, Turnera, Lobelia, Gerardia and Fuchsia.

EXPLORATORY PHASE : ______

ESTABLISHMENT OF HERBARIA

The first herbarium was established in ___

1553 in Padua (ITALY)

◼ physician, extremely influential among his students and fellow botanists throughout Europe

Luca Ghini

◼ founded the first botanical garden; first herbarium collection ◼ Central method: careful observation and note taking was essential

Luca Ghini

careful observation and note taking was essential

Central method:

- The first herbarium was established in 1553 in Padua (ITALY) - Luca Ghini -Middle of 17th century, herbaria were established in different parts of the world

EXPLORATORY PHASE : ESTABLISHMENT OF HERBARIA

Middle of __century, herbaria were established in different parts of the world

17th

Ceasalipino (1519-1603) Bauhin (1560-1624) John Ray (1627-1705) de Tournefort (1656-1708) Pierre Belon Linnaeus (1753) – Father of Taxonomy

EXPLORATORY PHASE: LINNEAN ERA

-they gave concept of species, synonymy, classification and nomenclature. -defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns shared

Ceasalipino, Bauhin, John Ray, de Tournefort

◼ botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on skeletons of humans and birds

Pierre Belon

Pierre Belon is botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on _____

skeletons of humans and birds

◼ published Species Plantarum ◼ introduced binomial nomenclature ◼ introduced sexual system in classification ◼ artificial system on few characters.

Linnaeus (1753) – Father of Taxonomy

Linnaeus published____

Species Plantarum

Linnaeus introduced ___ and ___

binomial nomenclature ; sexual system in classification

"the first taxonomist" -Rejected blind trust (prepositions, topdown)

ANDREA CESALPINO

____, a work that contained 1500 species

De Plantis

De Plantis is a work that contained 1500 species made by

ANDREA CESALPINO

Andrea Cesalpino groups of species

herbs and trees

Andrea Cesalpino plant families

Brassicaceae and Asteraceae

Andrea Cesalpino Important criterion:

embryo, seed, seedling

Andrea Cesalpino posteriori (inductive principle) :

observations, facts, past events

-Used FAMILY concept -Used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers - Listed 76 families

PIERRE MAGNOL

PIERRE MAGNOL used conspicuous characters of

roots, stems and flowers

PIERRE MAGNOL listed __families

76 families

-physician, botanist -Historia plantarum universalis (1650–51; “General History of Plants”),

Jean Bauhin

Historia plantarum universalis

“General History of Plants

- elaborate descriptions of more than 5,000 species

Historia plantarum universalis

recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels.

Jean Bauhin

-physician, anatomist, and botanist -wrote the work Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623

Gaspard Bauhin

Pinax means ___

- included synonyms, which was a great necessity of the time. - introduced a scientific binomial system of classification -recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels.

Gaspard Bauhin

BAUHIN BROTHERS

Jean Bauhin Gaspard Bauhin

-naturalist and botanist -establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy

JOHN RAY

JOHN RAY published important works on ___

botany, zoology, and natural theology

classification of plants - ______, an important step towards modern taxonomy

Historia Plantarum

rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system

JOHN RAY

John Ray classified plants according to ____ and ___that emerged from observation

similarities and differences

- Monocotyledons/dicotyledons - Used genus as a factual taxonomic group

JOHN RAY

Physician, botanist ◼ collected many plant species on scientific expeditions

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT beautifully illustrated ____

Éléments de botanique

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT primary emphasis on the classification of __

genera

DE TOURNEFORT classification entirely upon the structure of the ____ and ___

flower and fruit.

-denied the sexuality of plants -classifications above the level of the genus were often artificial.

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

DE TOURNEFORT use of a single Latin name for the ___, followed by a few descriptive words for the __- a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature

genus; species

- author of modern genus concept - Herbarium

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician -first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

Systema Naturae

“The System of Nature

Systema Naturae volume of only ___pages presented a _____, ___: ___, ____, and ____

11 hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals

Systema Naturae each kingdom was subdivided into ___,___,___,___, and ___

classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties.

CAROLUS LINNAEUS' ___ was considered crowning taxonomic achievement.

Genera Plantarum

Genera Plantarum presented a system based on “____” of genera

natural characters

Genera Plantarum morphological descriptions of all the parts of ____ and ____

flowers and fruit

- Focused on genealogy

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON

- Allied species arise from a common ancestor - Beginnings of phylogenetic relationship

genealogy

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON - the first to recognize ____-

ecological succession

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON countered the theory of ____

pre-existence

GEORGE-LOUIS LECLERC DE BUFFON observation:

similar environments, different regions had different flora and fauna (biogeography)

____, taxa are arbitrary , species could improve or degenerate into others (evolve) in response to environment

Anti-Linnaean

- French naturalist, biologist, soldier - classifications are artificial, though still useful (dichotomous)

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK divded animals - ____, ____ (___)

vertebrates, invertebrates (absence of blood)

Theory of transmutation - species may transform to another to achieve perfection/complexity

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

species may transform to another to achieve perfection/complexity

Theory of transmutation

◼ Introduce concept of evolution - Law of Use and Disuse

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

concept of evolution

- Law of Use and Disuse

- Reflected natural system -Weighing of characters

MICHEL ADANSON

Grandfather of numerical taxonomy

MICHEL ADANSON

MICHEL ADANSON book:

Familles des plantes

- contempt for “systems” - proposed a natural classification based upon all characters rather than upon a few arbitrarily selected ones

Familles des plantes

GEORGE CUVIER divided animal life to 4 branches, namely;

articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata

GEORGE CUVIER divided animal life to 4 branches, articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata according to _____

archetypes/body plans

- archetypes as functional requirements - theory of catastrophism - species are immutable but can go extinct (revolutionary thought) - comparative anatomy of fossil and living forms

GEORGE CUVIER

species are immutable but can go extinct (revolutionary thought)

theory of catastrophism

-French naturalist -Unity of composition (living and extinct)

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

-Species are mutable as influenced by environmental conditions - Homologous structures of species

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

-German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic -Archetypes contained the inherent nature of a taxon (bird-ness, mammal-ness, etc..)

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE

ETIENNE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE coined the term ___to present the entirety of an organism’s form from development to adult as opposed to type (gestalt)

morphology

Archetypes contained the inherent ___ (bird-ness, mammal-ness, etc..)

nature of a taxon

-German naturalist, ornithologist - Importance of observable features

LORENZ OKEN

-Homologize vertebral elements with vertebral skull with fusion as main development mechanism

LORENZ OKEN

Homologize vertebral elements with ____ with fusion as main development mechanism

vertebral skull

Homologize vertebral elements with vertebral skull with fusion as _____

main development mechanism

Groups based on presence of sense organs

-Dermatozoa (invertebrates) ● Glossozoa (Fish) ● Rhinozoa (Reptiles) ● Otozoa (Birds) ● Opthalmozoa (Mammals)

Dermatozoa

(invertebrates)

● Glossozoa

(Fish)

● Rhinozoa

(Reptiles)

● Otozoa

(Birds)

● Opthalmozoa

(Mammals)

Taxonomy is marked by publication of a number of monumental works on plant classification

CONSOLIDATION PHASE

Notable figures in Consolidation Phase

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle RICHARD OWEN BENTHAM AND HOOKER

Notable figures in Consolidation Phase: EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

Charles Darwin ERNST HAECKEL Theodosius Dobzhansky

modified Linnaeus system

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

first to put forward the idea of "Nature's war“

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle is the first to put forward the idea of ____

"Nature's war

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle recognize the difference between the ____ and ___ of organs

morphological and physiological characteristics

- Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802) by ___

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle

-proposed a natural method of plant classification -taxa do not fall along a linear scale

Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)

- English biologist, paleontologist, comparative anatomist

RICHARD OWEN

he defined homology and analogy

RICHARD OWEN

same structure different function - same function, different structure

-homology -analogy

George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911)

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

BENTHAM AND HOOKER is closely affiliated to the _______

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

who proposed natural system of classification of seed plants?

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

BENTHAM AND HOOKER proposed natural system of classification of ____

seed plants

who published Genera Plantarum?

BENTHAM AND HOOKER

BENTHAM AND HOOKER published _____

Genera Plantarum

Genera Plantarum has ___families, ___ genera

200 ; 7569

-naturalist, geologist and biologist - published On the Origin of Species

Charles Darwin (1859)

Charles Darwin published _____

On the Origin of Species (1859)

-suggested the principle of natural selection -evolution of species by common descent -Tree of Life

Charles Darwin (1859)

Charles Darwin suggested the _____

principle of natural selection

zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

- Promoted Darwin’s theory of evolution

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

ERNST HAECKEL presented the tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle) in ____

graphical form

-presented the tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle) in graphical form -showed genealogical relationships, degrees of modification

ERNST HAECKEL (1834-1919)

coined the term Phylogeny to refer to genealogical relationships

ERNST HAECKEL

ERNST HAECKEL coined the term ___ to refer to genealogical relationships

Phylogeny

ERNST HAECKEL coined the term Phylogeny to refer to _____

genealogical relationships

CONSOLIDATION PHASE: INTRODUCTION TO PHYLOGENETIC CONCEPT (notable figures)

-Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887) -Engler and Prantl (1887-1915) -Bessey (1845-1915) - Hallier (1868-1938) -John Hutchinson (1955)

Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution

Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887)

◼ suggested semiphylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien

Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)

◼ Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny

Bessey (1845-1915)

◼ Improved Bessey’s work

Hallier (1868-1938)

◼ 24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants

John Hutchinson (1955)

- The classification was based on distribution, Ecology, Anatomy, Palynology Cytology and Biochemistry apart from Morphology -Techniques of herbarium preparation and presentation were developed and established

The classification was based on distribution, Ecology, Anatomy, Palynology Cytology and Biochemistry apart from Morphology

Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981);

Takhtajan (1969)

* Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level

Stebbins (1974)

* Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae”

Robert Throne (1976)

published “Biological Species Concept”

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

- Proposed the Biological concept defined species as “a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

what did Theodosius Dobzhansky published

Biological Species Concept

Proposed the Biological concept defined species a

“a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.

CONSOLIDATION PHASE: INSIGHTS

Species are dynamic…. (a) All populations tend to vary and no two species are ever alike. (b) Some of these variations are adaptive and are of survival value. (c) Forces of nature result in the extinction of some individual while others survive the same force. (d) Some variations shown by individual within a population must be hereditary. (e) The environments of individuals are not static. (f) The focus on reason and logic

-improvement in the area of taxonomic concept and application -rise of Biosystematics

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

-The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of “holotaxonomy” (straightforward). -Huxley (1940) proposed the term “New systematics.”

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

Camp and Gilly (1943) proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TOOLS INTEGRATED

The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of ?

“holotaxonomy” (straightforward).

Huxley proposed the term _____

New systematics.”

who proposed the term “New systematics.”

Huxley (1940)

Camp and Gilly (1943) proposed the term “___” to new systematics.

Biosystematics

______ proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics.

Camp and Gilly (1943)

The number, size and shape of ___ were considered by cytotaxonomists as very reliable taxa

chromosomes

-development of techniques like two-dimensional paper chromatography - identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites - “Chemotaxonomy”.

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TECHNIQUES

identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites

Chemotaxonomy

new techniques give details as amino acid sequencing and determining nucleotide sequence in DNA and RNA

BIOSYSTEMATIC PHASE: MODERN TECHNIQUES

Information is gathered, analysed, and a meaningful inference is drawn for understanding phylogeny: ◼ independent discipline of taxonomy, i.e., Numerical Taxonomy ◼ Collection of data, analysis and synthesis

ENCYLCLOPAEDIC OR HOLOTAXONOMIC PHASE:

Information is gathered, analysed, and a meaningful inference is drawn for understanding phylogeny: ◼ Numerical Taxonomy or quantitative taxonomy ◼ based on numerical evaluation of the similarity between groups of organisms ◼ ordering of these groups into higher ranking taxa on the basis of these similarities.

ENCYLCLOPAEDIC OR HOLOTAXONOMIC PHASE

Collection of data, analysis and synthesis

Numerical Taxonomy