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Pathology of cancer > Nomenclarue/histology of cancer > Flashcards

Nomenclarue/histology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neoplasm and its characteristics

A

Another word for tumor; abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant

Neo= new; plasm= tissue

Characteristics:
- Derived from cells with a capacity to proliferate
- Stimuli responsible for uncontrolled proliferation may not be identifiable
- Involvement of gene regulation cell growth, death or repair (ex. P53)
- Involement of epigenetic factors (DNA)
- May express varying degrees of differentiation

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2
Q

What is a benign tumor and its characteristics

A

It usually grows slowly and it doesn’t spread

Characteristics:
- No invation in adjacent tissue
- No metastasis
- Differentiated cells so they look like the cells of the tumor they’re in; they resemble tissue of origin
- No infiltration in surrounding tissue (no metastase)
- Usually no fatal outcome; however it can be fatal depending on the anatomical position (ex. brain tumor) or express hormone production (ex pancreas tumor)
Benign doesn’t mean it’s better than malignant, however they are in CLUMBS so doctor can scoop them out easily, so they disappear after resection

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3
Q

What is a malignant tumor and its characteristics

A

Grow rapidly and invades other part of the body (metastasis)

Characteristics:
- Ability to invade in adjacent tissue
- Ability to metastatize (invade other tissue)
- Low differentiated cells so they donot look like the cells of the tissue they’re in; they donot resemble tissue of origin
- Can regrow after resection

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4
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer

A

Substaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming
Avoiding immune destruction
Enabling replicative immortality
Tumor-promoting inflammation
Polymorphic microbiomes
Activating invation and metastasis
Inducing or accessing vasculature
Senescent cells
Genome instability and mutation
Resisting cell death
Deregulating cellular metabolism
Unlocking phenotypic plasticity

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5
Q

What can you look for when there is a suspection of cancer?

A
  • High degree of cellular atypia (anaplasia)
    1. Variation in size/shape of cell (nuclei) (plemorphism)
    2. Enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei (clumped chromatin, prominent nucleoli)
    3. Atypical mitosis
    4. Bizarre cells (giant cells)
  • High mitotic activity
  • Disorganized growth pattern and often comprimised blood supply
  • Incasion into surrounding tissue
  • Metastasis
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6
Q

What are the basic components of tumors (benign and malignant)

A
  1. Parenchyma (transformed-/neoplastic cells) what determines the behaviour of the tumor
  2. Host derived non-neoplastic stroma (connective tissue, blood vessels and inflammatory cells) what are crucial for the growth of the neoplasma
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7
Q

What do you take to account when naming a tumor

A
  • Location where the cancer originated; even when metastasized to other parts of the body
  • Hostological tissue type affected
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8
Q

What are -oma tumors?

A

Benign from Mesenchymal origin

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9
Q

What are -sarcoma tumors?

A

Malignant from Mesenchymal origin

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10
Q

What are papilloma tumors?

A

Benign from epithelial surface origin

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11
Q

What are (squamous cell) carcinoma tumors?

A

Malignant from epithelial surface epithelium origin

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12
Q

What are adenoma tumors?

A

Benign from epithelial glandular epithelium origin

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13
Q

What are adenocarcinoma tumors?

A

Malignant from epithelial glandular epithelium origin

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14
Q

What are leukemias?

A

Malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic cells (lymphoid/myeloid; bloodcells) (exceptions)

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15
Q

What are lympOMA’s?

A

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells/tissue (exceptions)

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16
Q

What are gliOMA’s?

A

Malignant tumor derived from non neural supporting braintumor (exceptions)

17
Q

What are melanOMA’s?

A

Malignant tumor from the skincells (melanocytes) (exceptions)

18
Q

How is the benign tumor of connective tissue called?

A

Fibroma

19
Q

How is the malignant tumor of connective tissue called?

A

Fibrosarcoma

20
Q

How is de benign tumor of adipose tissue called?

A

Lipoma

21
Q

How is the malignant tumor of adipose tissue called?

A

Liposarcoma

22
Q

How is the benign tumor of bone tissue called?

A

Osteoma

23
Q

How is the malignant tumor of bone tissue called?

A

Osteosarcoma

24
Q

How is the benign tumor of cartilage called?

A

Chondroma

25
Q

How is the malignant tumor of cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

26
Q

How is the benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue called?

A

Leiomyoma

27
Q

How is the malignant tumor of smooth muscle tissue called?

A

Leiomyosacroma

28
Q

How is the benign tumor of skeletal muscle tissue called?

A

Rhabdomyoma

29
Q

How is the malignant tumor of skeletal muscle tissue called?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

30
Q

What is the function of VEGF

A

VEGF is secreted by the tumor and is stimulated angiogenesis; new bloodvessel sproud out of old bloodvessels to provide the tumor with blood (oxygen) and nutrients
VEGF= vascular edothelium growth factor

31
Q

Where does EMT stands for

A

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

32
Q

Why are the lymph nodes and liver an easy target for tumor growth (especially secundary tumors)

A

They filter the body so eventually the tumor cells will end up there and colonize the era

33
Q

How can a malignant tumor spread through metastasis

A
  • Local invasion (ex. tumor extends into lung tissue)
  • Lymphatic spread (ex. tumor extends along pulmonary lymphatic vessels into hilar nodes)
  • Blood-borne spread (ex. tumor enters draining veins and cell enter the systemic circulation)
  • Spreading through body cavities (ex. transcelomic spread; tumor migrates along pleural spread)
34
Q

What does the 0-4 stages of tumor (carcinoma) tell us?

A

Stage 0: Abnormal cells are present, but have not spread to nearby tissue
Stage 1-3: Cancer is present. The higher the stage number, the bigger the tumor and the more it has spread in its origin tissue
Stage 4: Metastase

35
Q

What does TNM mean

A

Tumor: Nodes (lymph): Metastases

If tumor is T3, but N0: No cancerous cells in lymphnodes, but a big tumor in tissue.

36
Q

What are different techniques for cancer therapy

A
  1. Surgery (curative (cure), debulking (making tumor smaller), palliative (make the patient suffer less, not a cure)
  2. Radiotherapy (damaging DNA)
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Hyperthermic Intraperioneal Chemotherapy
  5. Photodynamic therapy
  6. Targeted therapy: immunotherapy/small molecules/retargeting of tcells
  7. Gene therapy
  8. Personalised therapy

Pathology of cancer (7 decks)

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