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RUSVM Anatomy II Final Exam Questions > Nociception > Flashcards

Nociception Flashcards

1
Q

Define nociception

A

Detection of a noxious stimuli by stimulating nociceptors

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of stimulus nociceptors respond to?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Thermal
  3. Chemical
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3
Q

Nociceptors have _______ nerve endings and ______ distribution to all parts of the body.

A

Free nerve endings

Wide distribution

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4
Q

What are the 2 main nociceptor fiber types?

A

AD Fibers- (alpha-delta fibers)

C Fibers

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5
Q

Which fibers are associated with sharp, pricking pain?

A

AD Fibers

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6
Q

Which fibers are fast-conducting and mylinated?

A

AD Fibers

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7
Q

Which fibers are associated with burning or throbbing pain?

A

C Fibers

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8
Q

Which fibers are unmyelinated and slow-conducting?

A

C Fibers

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9
Q

Which fibers detect superficial and deep pain?

A

BOTH fibers detect BOTH superficial and deep pain

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10
Q

Which reflex uses nociceptor fibers for the sensory part of the reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex

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11
Q

Is pain reaction a voluntary or involuntary behavior?

A

It is VOLUNTARY behavior

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12
Q

Trauma or inflammation causes ______ pain.

A

ACUTE

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13
Q

What is Hypoalgesia?

A

Decreased perception of pain

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14
Q

What is Analgesia?

A

Complete absence of perception of pain

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15
Q

What is Anesthesia?

A

Complete absence of all sensory perception

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16
Q

The ARAS is important in nociception because it is the link between sensory stimulation and ________.

A

Arousal

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17
Q

Noxious stimuli ______ alertness and autonomic functions (heart and respiratory rate)

A

increases

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18
Q

T or F: Increased heart and respiratory rates imply cortical involvement.

A

NO!!

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19
Q

What are the Ascending Nociceptive Pathways?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

Spinoreticular tract

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20
Q

Which path is responsible for transmitting superficial pain and tactile sensations? (Pinching)

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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21
Q

Which path is responsible for transmitting deep pain signals?

A

Spinoreticular tract

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22
Q

What is the primary conscious pain pathway in carnivores?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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23
Q

Location of the stimulus can be precisely determined by the animal via the _________ tract.

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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24
Q

The spinocervicothalamic tract has a high degree of _______.

A

Somatotopy

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25
Q

Which tract transmits deep pain and visceral sensation?

A

Spinoreticular tract

26
Q

Which pain pathway is more vulnerable to compressive injury?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

27
Q

Dull, aching, and throbbing pain is what type of pain?

A

Visceral

28
Q

Why is there a negative emotional reaction to pain?

A

Because the pain pathways are connected to the limbic system

29
Q

An individual with no aversion to pain might have a damaged _______ system.

A

Limbic system damaged.

30
Q

What parts of the body are responsible for modulating pain perception?

A

Periphery
Spinal Cord
Brainstem

31
Q

What substances lower the threshold of nociceptors making them easier to stimulate?

A

Inflammatory mediators released by injured tissue such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes

32
Q

What substances DIRECTLY stimulate pain receptors?

A

Bradykinin
Serotonin
K+

33
Q

What is Substance P?

A

neurotransmitter that dilates blood vessels and degranulates mast cells

34
Q

Substance P ________ sensitization of nociceptors.

A

Increases

35
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

When noxious stimuli produces greater than normal nociceptor activity.

Substance P contributes to hyperalgesia

36
Q

What is allodynia?

A

When non-noxious stimuli activates nociceptors

Substance P contributes to allodynia

37
Q

Wide Dynamic Range neurons respond to what kind of stimuli?

A

Noxious and non-noxious stimuli

38
Q

“Referred Pain” of visceral organs is associate with what type of neurons?

A

Wide Dynamic Range neurons

39
Q

What is “Wind-Up”?

A

Spinal fasciculation of pain - rapid firing of nociceptor afferents (AD and C fibers). This means CHRONIC PAIN

40
Q

NMDA receptors are activated with?

A

Chronic pain and windup

41
Q

What ions do NMDA receptors allow into the cell?

A

Calcium and Sodium

42
Q

Why are patients more painful over time if chronic pain is left untreated?

A

Because chronic pain produces long term changes that lead to greater sensitivity

43
Q

Does anesthesia prevent windup?

A

NO

44
Q

How is windup/chronic pain prevented?

A

Nerve blocks and aggressive pain management

45
Q

How is windup treated?

A

NMDA receptor inhibitors and acupuncture

46
Q

What is Gate Control Theory?

A

Non-noxious tactile stimulation

Can help reduce perception of pain

47
Q

Descending modulatory pathways lead to release of which neurotransmitters?

A

Enkephalin, Endorphin, Dynorphin, Seratonin, NE

48
Q

Which neurotransmitter have anti-nociceptive (anti-pain) properties?

A

Enkephalin, endorphins, dynorphins, seratonin, NE

49
Q

What are ways to control pain?

A

Modulate or prevent transduction at the
nociceptor- NSAIDS

Interfere with conduction to the CNS- nerve blocks, anesthesia

Recruit the neuroanatomic substrate of the gate
control theory- water therapy, massage, acupuncture

Inhibit spinal cord sensitization- NMDA receptor inhibitor

Augment descending modulatory mechanisms- opioids and a-adrenergics

Reduce perception of pain- sedation

50
Q

What modulates or prevents transduction at the

nociceptor?

A

NSAIDS

51
Q

What will interfere with conduction to the CNS?

A

Nerve blocks and anesthesia

52
Q

What will recruit the neuroanatomic substrate of the gate control theory?

A

Water therapy, massage, acupuncture

53
Q

What will Inhibit spinal cord sensitization?

A

NMDA receptor inhibitors

54
Q

What will augment descending modulatory mechanisms?

A

Opioids and a-adrenergics

55
Q

What will reduce perception of pain?

A

Sedation

56
Q

What stimuli provokes itch?

A

Pressure
Temperature
Electricity
Chemicals- histamine

57
Q

Why does Neuropathic pain arise?

A

As a result of injury to the nervous system

58
Q

What 4 things can cause neuropathic pain?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Vascular injury
  3. Endocrinopathy- Diabetes mellitus
  4. Infection
59
Q

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are associated with what type of pain?

A

Neuropathic pain

60
Q

What is dysesthesia?

A

A tingling sensation associated with neuropathic pain

RUSVM Anatomy II Final Exam Questions (11 decks)

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