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A and P 2 CV 1 cards > No No No Don’t Phunk With My Heart Anatomy > Flashcards

No No No Don’t Phunk With My Heart Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the heart is the base and where is it situated in relationship to the rest of the heart?

A
  • the anterior part of the heart is the base
  • The base is superior and posterior
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2
Q

What part of the heart is the “apex” and where is it situated in relation to the rest of the heart?

A
  • apex is the point, the bottom
  • the apex is inferior and more anterior in the body in comparison to the base
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3
Q

fibrous connective tissue bag surrounding the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

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4
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is dense collagen fibers, not easily stretchable

A

fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is attached to the superior surface of the diaphragm?

A

fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is blends with connective tissues surrounding the great vessels(aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk)?

A

fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is a thin, continuous, serous membrane that forms a double layer around the heart

A

serous pericardium

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8
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is, it covers the external surface of the heart wall and great vessels and the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.

A

serous pericardium

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9
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is this?

  • thin layer adheres to the fibrous pericardium
  • very difficult to sperate from the fibrous pericardium in anatomical specimens
A

serous pericardium outer layer

(aka parietal pericardium)

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10
Q

serous membrane , it secretes serous fluid into the pericardial cavity in order to reduce friction as the heart beats within its protective sac, the pericardium

A

serous pericardium inner layer (aka visceral pericardium)

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11
Q

a potential space between the two layers of the serous pericardium containing a thin film of lubricating serous fluid

A

pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Where is each layer located in relation to the layers of the heart wall and the other layer of the pericardium?

A
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13
Q

the serous pericardium on the external surface of the heart

A

epicardium

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14
Q

the serous pericardium on the external surface of the heart

A

epicardium

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15
Q

layer of cardiac muscle and the cardiac conducting system; thickness varies depending on the work required of the muscle

A

myocardium

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16
Q

what lies between the myocardium and epicardium?

A

coronary vessels and a variable amount of fat

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17
Q

simple squamous lining the of the heart; continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

A

endocardium

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18
Q

which has the the thinnest wall of all the chambers?

A

right atrium

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19
Q

venous return from the head, neck, upper limbs and chest wall?

in what chamber?

A

superior vena cava

right atrium

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20
Q

venous return from everything inferior to the thoracic diaphragm

located in what chamber?

A

inferior vena cava

right atrium

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21
Q

venous return from the coronary circulation?

located in what chamber?

A

coronary sinus

right atrium

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22
Q

connects the right atrium and ventricle?

(aka right atrioventricular valve)

located in which chamber?

A

tricuspid valve

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23
Q

what supports the tricuspid valve’s function?

located in which chamber?

A

papillary muscles and tendinous cords

right ventricle

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24
Q

the pulmonary trunk opens from where?

A

the upper portion of the right ventricle

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25
Q

regulates the flow of blood into the pulmonary trunk?

located in which chamber?

A

pulmonic valve

right ventricle

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26
Q

there are usually and total of four pulmonary veins; two from each lung

located in which chamber?

A

left atrium

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27
Q

connects the left atrium and ventricle

located in which chamber?

aka left atrioventricular valve

A

mitral valve

left atrium

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28
Q

thickest wall of the heart chambers; ____times thicker than the right ventricle

A

left ventricle

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29
Q

what supports the mitral valve’s function?

what chamber is mitral valve located?

A

papillary muscles and tendinous cords

left ventricle

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30
Q

ascending aorta opens from the upper part of this ventricle

A

left ventricle

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31
Q

regulates the flow of blood into the aorta

what chamber is it located

A

aortic valve

left ventricle

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32
Q

what septum separates the left and right atria

A

interatrial septum

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33
Q

what is the septa?

A

walls between the chambers

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34
Q

a thin depression in the middle of the interatrial septum; remnant of the foramen ovale of the fetal heart

A

fossa ovalis

part of interatrial septum

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35
Q

what septum separates the left and right ventricle

A

interventricular septum

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36
Q

most of the interventricular septum is formed of ____ ____ ____.

A

thick cardiac muscle

(muscular part)

37
Q

a small area in the upper part of the interventricular septum is composed of a thin membrane; most common site of interventricular septal defects

A

membranous part of interventricular septum

38
Q

the structure of __________is described as broad, flat valves cusps: flaps of dense connective tissue covered with endocardium

A

atrioventricular valve

right av-tricuspid valve

left av-mitral valve

39
Q

the cusp of the atrioventricular valves(tricuspid and mitral) are held in position by _________attached to ______ _______ in the ______, preventing cusps from _____ ______

A

the cusp of the atrioventricular valves(tricuspid and mitral) are held in position by tendinous cords attached to papillary muscles in the ventricles, preventing cusps from being everted

40
Q

three concave cups of roughly equal size

A

structure of semilunar valves

41
Q

composed of thin fibrous connective tissue covered by endocardium

A

cusp of semilunar valves

42
Q

what is the hollow space inside the closed valve cusp of a semilunar valve

A

sinus

43
Q

the semilunar valves are self supporting and have no _____ or ______

A

papillary muscles or tendinous cords

44
Q

what valve controls flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonic valve (a semilunar valve)

45
Q

heart valves are ______structures: valve cusps are not directly opened and closed by the _____ ______ _____

A

passive

pull of muscle contraction

46
Q

heart valve movements are the result?

A
  • orientation of the valves attachments
  • pressure difference between the two sides of the valve
47
Q

Which two valves are classified as atrioventricular valves and which two are classified as semilunar valves?

A

av valves-tricuspid and mitral

semilunar-pulmonic and aortic

48
Q

a dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding the four valves of the heart

A

fibrous Skelton

49
Q

what are the four fused fibrous rings provide the attachment for the cusps of the cardiac valves

A

fibrous Skelton

50
Q

serves as attachment for the atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes

A

fibrous Skelton

51
Q

what is the functional significances of the fibrous Skelton?

A
  • electrically isolates the atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle masses
52
Q

due to the fibrous Skelton the only normal path for electrical impulses between the atria and ventricle is through?

A

the conducting system

53
Q

Which coronary artery arises from an ostia in the root of the ascending aorta around the right margin of the heart to the posterior part of the right atrium and ventricle

A

right coronary artery

54
Q

Which coronary artery arises from an ostia in the root of the ascending aorta?

A

left and right coronary artery

55
Q

in about ⅔ of individuals the right coronary artery ends by forming the ___________

A

posterior interventricular artery

56
Q

the right coronary artery arises from an ostia in the root of the ascending aorta around the right margin of the heart to the posterior part of the right atrium and ventricle. What course does it take and where does it terminate?

A

the right coronary artery arises from an ostia in the root of the ascending aorta around the right margin of the heart to the posterior part of the right atrium and ventricle. What course does it take and where does it terminate?

  • runs in the coronary sulcus (depression between the atria and ventricles
  • in about ⅔ of individuals the right coronary artery ends by forming the posterior ventricle artery
57
Q

What parts of the heart does the right coronary artery supply? 4

A
  1. most of the right atrium and ventricle
  2. the conducting system as far as the proximal parts of the right and left bundle branches
  3. posterior of the interventricular septum
  4. significant part of the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the left ventricles
58
Q

The left coronary artery arises from the ostia in the root of the ascending aorta. What course does it take after that?

A
  • runs a short distance (2cm) before branching into the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries
  • anterior interventricular/left anterior descending artery-runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus inferiorly toward the apex of the heart
  • the circumflex artery runs in the coronary sulcus around the left side of the left side of the posterior-inferior surface
59
Q

the left coronary artery supplies the anterior interventricular which supplies?

A
  • anterior portion of the left ventricle
  • anterior ⅔ of the interventricular septum
  • distal parts of the left and right bundle branches
60
Q

the left coronary artery supplies the circumflex which supplies?

A
  • left atrium
  • left diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle
61
Q

List, in functional order, the components of the impulse conducting system of the heart.

6

A
  1. sinoatrial node (SA)
  2. atrial musculature
  3. atrioventricular node (AV)
  4. atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of his)
  5. bundle branches: right and left
  6. network of purkinje fibers
62
Q

the conducting system is composed of specialized cardiac myocytes located where?

A

in the heart wall “subendocardial” between the endocardium and myocardium

63
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

wall of the right atrium at the junction of the atrium and superior vena cava

64
Q

From the SA node impulse spreads to the?

A

atrial musculature

65
Q

What conducts the impulse from the right to left atrium?

A

Bachmann’s turner overdrive bundle

66
Q

Where is this atrioventricular node located?

A

Where is this atrioventricular node located?

right atrium opposite the sinoatrial node between the interatrial septum and tricuspid

67
Q

runs from the AV node passes through the fibrous skeleton and runs a short distance in the posterior margin of the membranous interventricular septum before branching

A

atrioventricular bundle

bundle of his

68
Q

which bundle branch is thicker and splits into a thinner anterior fascicle and a thick posterior fascicle

A

left bundle branch

69
Q

Right or left bundle branch?

a thin branch that runs toward the apex on the right side of the ventricular septum

A

right bundle branch

70
Q

the bundle branches subdivide into a complex network of ______ _____ ____

A

individual Purkinje fibers (specialized cardiac myocytes)

71
Q

the purkinjie fibers branch out over the _________surfaces of both _______ and terminate on working ______ _______.

A

the purkinjie fibers branch out over the subendocardial surfaces of both ventricles and terminate on working cardiac myocytes

72
Q

What specific parts of the heart are, and are not, innervated by the parasympathetic nerve fibers?

A

What specific parts of the heart are, and are not, innervated by the parasympathetic nerve fibers?

  • nodal myocytes in the SA and AV nodes and the working myocytes in the atria
  • not the working myocytes in the ventricles
73
Q

What specific parts of the heart are, and are not, innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers?

A
  • nodal myocytes in the SA and AV nodes
  • atrial and ventricular working myocytes
  • smooth muscle of the coronary vessels
74
Q

the cellular structure of cardiac muscle is nearly identical to skeletal muscle except______. 7 differences

A

Functionally the same.

  1. t tubules run down z line the sarcolemma invaginates deeply into the cell, in contrast to SKM the t tubules invaginate at the intersection of the A and I band
  2. very abundant mitochondria
  3. because of the passive tension properties of cardiac muscle there is only an H zone when sarcomeres are stretched beyond a normal resting length
  4. cardiac muscle t tubules 5 times larger diameter and 25 times larger in volume than SKM, cardiac muscle is dependent upon extracellular Calcium for excitation-contraction coupling; large t tubules put more ECF close to contractile apparatus
  5. small diameter sacrotubles]
  6. no well defined cisternae or developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. flattened portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum do adjoin the t tubules to form diads as opposed to triad in skm
75
Q

the conducting system of the cardiac system is in the _______tissue not the ______tissue

A

muscle not nervous

“cardiac myocytes”

76
Q

nodal myocytes are located where?

A

sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the atria

77
Q

The ______ are irregularly shaped small myocytes, with sparse myofibrils, poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, no t tubular system, and electrical continuity with adjacent fibers.

A

nodal myocytes

78
Q

the significance of the _______voltage gated ion channels in these cells cause them to spontaneously depolarize at regular intervals.

A

nodal myocytes

79
Q

purkinjie fibers are located where?

A
  • atrioventricular bundle “bundle of his”
  • left and right bundle branches
  • network that penetrates into the ventricular mass and terminates on ventricular myocardial cells
80
Q

large elongated fibers, that make contact end to end through intercalated discs with numerous gap junctions, spares myofibrils

A

purkinjie fibers

81
Q

conduct impulses through the ventricles about 6 times faster than atrial or ventricular myocardial cells

A

purkinjie fibers

82
Q

What attaches adjacent cardiac muscle cells to each other?

fit together like fingers in clasped hands

A

intercalated disc-complex of end to end connection between adjacent myocytes

83
Q

What are the components of intercalated disc?

A

desmosomes

gap junctions

84
Q

main structural component of an intercalated disc, mechanically connect cardiac myocytes to each other and transmit force from cell to cell

A

desmosomes

85
Q

the electrical component of intercalated disc, allows ions to flow easily from one cell to the next, increase velocity of impulse transmissions from cell to cell

A

gap junctions

86
Q

normally impulses pass from the atrial myocytes to the ventricular myocytes only via the _____ _______.

A

atrioventricular bundle

bundle of his

87
Q

When a single myocyte in a chamber is excited, electrical impulse does what?

A

spreads to all of the cells within the chamber

88
Q

what divides the heart into atrial myocytes and ventricular myocytes

A

fibrous “cardiac skeleton”

89
Q

every cardiac myocytes is in______ _______with every other cardiac myocyte.

A

electrical continuity

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