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Ethics Yr 1 > NML - content > Flashcards

NML - content Flashcards

1
Q

define deontological

A

ethics focused on intrinsic rightness/wrongness of actions

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2
Q

define telos

A

purpose/end

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3
Q

define natural law

A

deontological theory based on behavior that accords w/ given laws/moral laws (e.g given by God) that exist independently of human societies and systems

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4
Q

define synderisis

A

follow good and avoid evil, rule which all precepts follow

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5
Q

define secondary precepts

A

laws which follow primary precepts

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6
Q

what are the primary precepts? (WORLD)

A

most important rules for life

  • WORSHIP God
  • live in an ORDERED society
  • REPRODUCE
  • LEARN and educate youth about God
  • DEFEND innocent life
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7
Q

define practical reason

A

tool which makes moral decisons

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8
Q

define eudamonia

A

living well, as an ultimate end in life which all other actions should lead towards

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9
Q

what do natural law thinkers argue there is?

A

human nature - which we should live in accordance with

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10
Q

define cultural relativism

A

abiding by whatever social norms suggests

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11
Q

what is subjectivity?

A

what you personally believe

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12
Q

when was Thomas Aquinas born and when did he die?

A

1225-74

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13
Q

which natural law thinker’s work is a central influence on Catholic moral thought?

A

St Thomas Aquinas

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14
Q

who made the Summa Theologica (1265-74)?

A

St Thomas Aquinas

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15
Q

what was Thomas Aquinas’ major work?

A

Summa Theologica (1265-74)

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16
Q

what book was created in 1265-74?

A

Summa Theologica

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17
Q

what can Aquinas’ ideas be linked with in the present day?

A

universal human rights

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18
Q

Who said this quote? “Now a certain order is to be found in those things that are apprehended universally”

A

Thomas Aquinas

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19
Q

What does Thomas Aquinas think can be perceived by using reason?

A

certain laws

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20
Q

what is the first law that can be perceived by using reason? what is the rule called?

A

“Good is to be done pursued, and evil is to be avoided.”

- Synderisis Rule

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21
Q

What is the name given to the law that follow from the Syndersis rule?

A

primary precepts

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22
Q

what view directly influenced the teachings on the Catholic Church?

A

the Syndersis Rule and “all other precepts of the natural law are based upon this”

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23
Q

Fill the gaps: “The _______ ___ is written and ________ in the ____ of each and every man…” - The NML, the Catechism of the Catholic Church

A

“The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man…”

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24
Q

“The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man…” Where does this quote come from?

A

The NML, the Catechism of the Catholic Church

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25
Q

“…this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice…of a higher reason to which our spirit..must be submitted.” Where does this quote come from?

A

The NML, the Catechism of the Catholic Church

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26
Q

Fill in the gaps: “…this _______ of human reason would not have the _____ __ ___ if it were not the voice…of a ______ ____ to which our spirit..must be _________.”

A

“…this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice…of a higher reason to which our spirit..must be submitted.”

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27
Q

Where did the belief/idea of natural law come from?

A

Greek Stoics believed human beings had a divine spark, enabling them to discover eternal laws necessary for human happiness. The Stoics saw themselves to be the citizens of the universal law.

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28
Q

What group believed human beings had a divine spark, enabling them to discover eternal laws necessary for human happiness?

A

Greek Stoics

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29
Q

How did the Stoics view themselves?

A

The Stoics saw themselves to be the citizens of the universal law.

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30
Q

Who says this quote? “The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid…natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere…”

A

Aristotle

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31
Q

Fill in the gaps: “The______ is that which everywhere is equally _____…natural is ___________, and has the same _____ everywhere…” - Aristotle

A

“The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid…natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere…”

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32
Q

“The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid…natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere…” what is this quote saying?

A

NL is a ‘given’. Aristotle thought that the purpose “The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid…natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere…”. Our purpose is to live a life of reason

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33
Q

what did Aristotle think was the purpose of humans?

A

live a life of reason

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34
Q

“…we need not look outside ourselves for an…interpreter of it [NL]” who said this?

A

Roman lawyer Cicerio in his book ‘On the Republic’

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35
Q

what three ideas comes together in Aquinas’ theory of NL?

A
  • universal law
  • life of reason
  • law can be found in human hearts
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36
Q

what AP is Aquinas’ thinking influenced by?

A

Artistotle

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37
Q

what does Ari. argue that every agent acts for?

A

for an end of some kind

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38
Q

what does Ari. argue that human beings acts for?

A

to acquire happiness/eudamonia

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39
Q

for Ari., how is something good?

A

if it has fulfilled its end

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40
Q

what did Ari. believe there was in the universe resposible for setting it in motion?

A

Prime Mover

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41
Q

What did Aqu. do to Ari.’s idea of the PM?

A

developed this idea, seeing God as PM

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42
Q

according Aqu., what are properly moral acts?

A

free acts, which come from a freely acting rational person

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43
Q

how are we fully satisfied?

A

when we achieve ultimate end/telos, the universal good

44
Q

what did A conclude could not be found in this world?

A

ultimate end

45
Q

where can the ultimate end be found?

A

in the supreme and infinite God

46
Q

“Ultimate and perfect beatitude (happiness) can consist only in the vision of the divine essence, which is the very essence of goodness…” who said this?

A

Aquinas

47
Q

what does Aqu. think our final telos is?

A

union with God in Heaven

48
Q

Why is divine help needed?

A

to direct our motivations as well as our actions

49
Q

what else in Aqu. concerned with besides that acts?

A

intention

50
Q

how many tiers of laws are there?

A

4

51
Q

list the 4 tiers of law in order

A

1 - Eternal law
2 - Divine Law
3 - Natural Law
4 - Human Law

52
Q

what law does all other kinds of law depend on?

A

Eternal law

53
Q

what law refers to revelation?

A

Divine law

54
Q

eternal law is the _______ and ______ part of NL

A

eternal law is the absolute and eternal part of NL

55
Q

why is God’s law unchanging and universal?

A

despite individual differences, eternal law remains the same. it is not relative.

56
Q

what does God plant in every rational person’s soul?

A

eternal law

57
Q

T/F Aquinas believes that eternal law is in God and not a feature of nature apart from God

A

TRUE

58
Q

How does God send out info about eternal law?

A

divine law

59
Q

define divine law

A

commands and teachings of divine revelation that are usually found in the Bible

60
Q

what is revelation through the divine law teaching humans?

A

how to live

61
Q

T/F Aqu. thinks that w/o the Bible, you can’t access God’s eternal law

A

FALSE. You can through natural law

62
Q

what does natural law allow humans to do?

A

perceive eternal law through application of human reason

63
Q

what marks humans apart from animals?

A

human reason

64
Q

what makes God’s eternal law accessible to all of humanity?

A

natural law

65
Q

what is human law?

A
  • our response to these msgs from God

- customs and practices of society

66
Q

what does A say about a human law being a proper law?

A

it is only a proper law if it is good and in accordance with divine and natural law

67
Q

what directs us to do good and avoid evil?

A

reason

68
Q

why is NL ‘law-like’?

A

due to its rationality

69
Q

Who said this quote? “the NL is nothing other than the light of understanding placed in us by God; through it we know what we must do and what we must avoid. God has given this light or law at the creation.”

A

Thomas Aquinas

70
Q

Fill in the gaps: “the NL is nothing other than the _____ __ ____________ placed in us by ___; through it we know what we must do and what we must _____. God has given this light or ___ at the _______.” - Thomas Aquinas

A

“the NL is nothing other than the light of understanding placed in us by God; through it we know what we must do and what we must avoid. God has given this light or law at the creation.”

71
Q

Fill in the gaps: “[___ ___] is nothing else than an ________ of reason for ______ good, made by him who has care of the __________, and promulgated.” - Aqu.

A

“[the law] is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated.” - Aqu.

72
Q

Fill in the gaps: “To _____ the dictate of _____ is to scorn the ___________ of God” - Aqu.

A

“To scorn the dictate of reason is to scorn the commandment of God” - Aqu.

73
Q

Who said “…human evil is being outside the order of reasonableness…”?

A

Thomas Aquinas

74
Q

what is the quote from Aqui. about human evil?

A

“…human evil is being outside the order of reasonableness…”

75
Q

what does Aqu think about divine reason?

A

it exists though it’s impossible for us to fully perceive it

76
Q

what is there a single standard of?

A

truth and right for everyone

77
Q

“Every agent acts on account of an end…” who says this?

A

Aquinas

78
Q

why could this be a weakness? “Every agent acts on account of an end…”

A
  • inconsistent

- meant to be a deontological theory but is looking at “telos”

79
Q

T/F Aquinas doesn’t believe that in all humans, there is an inclination to good

A

FALSE

80
Q

why is there an inclination to good in all humans?

A

because “every substance seeks the preservation of its own being”

81
Q

Fill in the gaps: “Whatever is a _____ of preserving _____ life, and of warding off its _________, belongs to the ______ ___”

A

“Whatever is a means of preserving human life, and of warding off its obstacles, belongs to the natural law”

82
Q

why should people follow the precept of worshiping God? (2)

A
  • God is source of eternal law

- God has sent this law to humanity through divine law and NL

83
Q

what does it mean to live in an ordered society?

A

living in a lawful society where it’s possible to follow all of the primary precepts

84
Q

why should people follow the primary precept of reproduction?

A

ensure life continues as this is God’s intention and is necessary for the continuation of society

85
Q

what should people teach others about? (5)

A
  • God
  • eternal law
  • divine law
  • NL
  • primary precepts
86
Q

why should we defend the innocent?

A

because life is most precious

87
Q

what should humans do about ignorance?

A

“shun ignorance”

88
Q

what does a moral act lead towards?

A

divine/cosmic intention for humanity

89
Q

what do moral acts fit with?

A

purpose humans were made for

90
Q

what are moral acts in accordance with and what does it make them?

A
  • primary precepts

- good acts

91
Q

what are the purposes of secondary precepts?

A

they are applications of primary precepts into certain situations

92
Q

why is euthanasia prohibited by NL ?

A

precept of preserving life

93
Q

what does the Catholic Church teach about suicide?

A

denial of a natural instinct to live

94
Q

what is the quote from Aqu. regarding evil?

A

“No evil can be desirable, either be natural appetite or by conscious will. It is sought indirectly, namely because it is the consequence of some good.”

95
Q

what is an immoral act/sin falling short of?

A

God’s wish for us

96
Q

T/F Aqu believes that tempting goods are real

A

FALSE - they are apparent goods

97
Q

what did Aqui thought required discipline and practice to become a habit?

A

developing the virtues to help keep the NL

98
Q

what other habits can be developed by humans?

A

sinful activity

99
Q

what does A introduce when discussing whether self defence is permissible?

A

principle of double effect

100
Q

what does the DODE say is ethically permissible to do, providing the bad side-effect wasn’t intended?

A

if doing something morally good has a morally bad side-effect, it’s ethically OK to do it providing the bad side-effect wasn’t intended

101
Q

what is an important aspect of DODE?

A

intention

102
Q

(DODE) what did Aqu distinguish?

A

interior and exterior acts

103
Q

(DODE) what are interior acts about?

A

our motivation, intention behind act, what we intended to happen, why we are acting

104
Q

(DODE) what are exterior acts?

A
  • visible

- act that is actually performed

105
Q

(DODE) what is the best way to act?

A

when both interior and exterior acts aregood

106
Q

4 criterions that need to be met for DODE to be successfully applied

A

1) the action contemplated be in itself either morally good or morally indifferent
2) the bad result not be directly intended
3) the good result not be a direct causal result of the bad result
4) the good result be “proportionate to” the bad result

Ethics Yr 1 (6 decks)

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