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A Level Chemistry OCR > Nitrogen Compounds, Polymers and Synthesis > Flashcards

Nitrogen Compounds, Polymers and Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of a primary amine?

A

One hydrogen atom substituted. SF: RNH2

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2
Q

What is the structure of a secondary amine?

A

Two hydrogen atoms substituted. SF: RNHR’

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3
Q

What is the structure of a tertiary amine?

A

All three hydrogen atoms substituted. SF: RNR’R’’

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4
Q

What do you add before the name of a secondary amine when naming them?

A

N

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5
Q

Are amines/ammonia bases? why?

A

They are both weak bases as when an amine reacts with an acid, it accepts a proton. A covalent bond is formed by the nitrogen atom donating its lone pair of electrons to the proton to form a dative covalent bond.

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6
Q

How do you prepare amines?

A

Using a sealed tube, a haloalkanes, ammonia and ethanol are heated together to make an amine. Reflux is not used as ammonia is too volatile.

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7
Q

How do you prepare an aromatic amine?

A

Nitroarenes (like nitrobenzene) can be reduced with a reducing agent made in situ by using a mixture of tin and conc HCl. It occurs under reflux at 100°C. After approx 30 mins, a strong alkali (like NaOH) is added causing a neutralisation reaction tio occur, removing excess HCl and producing an amine.

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8
Q

What is the structure of an α-amino acid?

A

They have an acid carboxyl group and a basic amine group, meaning it can act as an acid and as a base. GF: RCH(NH2)COOH

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9
Q

What happens to an α-amino acid, resulting in it having no overall charge?

A

The carboxylic acid donates a proton to the amino group, forming a zwitterion, causing a molecules of no overall charge.

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10
Q

What is an amide?

A

A class of compounds with an acyl group (RC(O)-) attached to an amine group (-NH2).

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11
Q

What is the structure of a primary amide?

A

The nitrogen has two hydrogen atoms and one acyl group attached.

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12
Q

What is the structure of a secondary amide?

A

The nitrogen has one hydrogen atom, one alkyl group and one acyl group attached.

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13
Q

What is the structure of a tertiary amide?

A

The nitrogen atom has no hydrogen atoms attached.

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14
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Molecules which are non-superimposible mirror images of each other. They have the same chemical properties but interact with polarised light differently.

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15
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

One that has four different groups attached to it.

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16
Q

What is a repeat unit?

A

The arrangement of atoms that occurs many times in a polymer.

17
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

A chemical reaction to form a long-chain molecule by elimination of a small molecule such as water.

18
Q

What is produced when a polyester is hydrolysed in acid?

A

A diol and a dicarboxylic acid.

19
Q

What is produced when a polyester is hydrolysed in alkali?

A

A diol and the salt of a dicarboxylic acid.

20
Q

What is produced when a polyamide is hydrolysed in acid?

A

A diammonium salt and a dicarboxylic acid.

21
Q

What is produced when a polyamide is hydrolysed in alkali?

A

The diamine and the salt of the dicarboxylic acid.

22
Q

What is a nitrile?

A

An organic chemical with a -CN functional group.

23
Q

What do nitriles form when they undergo reduction and what are the reaction conditions?

A

Amines
150°C
Nickel catalyst

24
Q

What will nitriles form when hydrolysed?

A

An amide and then an ammonium salt. Under acidic conditions they can form carboxylic acids.

25
Q

What are Friedel-Crafts reactions?

A

Reactions that allow electrophilic substitution to occur in an aromatic ring.

26
Q

What is alkylation?

A

When hydrocarbon chains are added to an organic compound.

27
Q

What is acylation?

A

When RCO- is added to an organic compound.

28
Q

What is a synthetic route?

A

A series of reactions that can be used to change a starting chemical into a target molecule.

A Level Chemistry OCR (14 decks)

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