NIMS Book 1 - Section II - Appendix A Flashcards
Basically, size up consists of the following three operations:
- Analyzing the ____________
- Deciding on a _______ (___________)
- Placing the _______ into ____________ (tactics)
- situation
- plan (strategy)
- plan / operation
p 102
During a size-up one of the first considerations should be type and construction of the building. These two factors will indicate:
- Rate of ___________
- Possible avenues of fire _________
- Problems that will have a direct impact on efforts to __________ a fire
- _____________ integrity
- _________ necessary to conduct safe fireground operations
- burning
- spread
- confine
- structural
- time
p 102
_____________ construction uses structural members that depend on size for strength.
Conventional
p 103
The greater the _______ for a structural member, the __________ it has to be to support a given load.
span / larger
p 103
In conventional construction the size of structural members dictates the time necessary for?
failure when exposed to heat or fire
p 103
Conventional Construction
Size = ___________
Strength
p 103
In _____________ construction strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension.
lightweight
p 104
In lightweight construction the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the?
total sum of the other members
p 104
Lightweight Construction (Less than Average Weight / Size) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Strenght
Compression/Tension = Strength
p 104
A working knowledge of building construction provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate ______-_____ of a structure, and it also provides the foundation for effective, timely and safe fireground operations in the following areas:
- _____________ integrity
- __________ placement
- __________ entry / _________ and rescue
- ___________ feasibility
- Operations - ___________ or ____________
size-up / structural / ladder / forcible/search / offensive or defensive
p 102
A single lightweight truss structural member can span _____ feet and may be comprised of _____x_____ in compression and tension to form an integral unit.
70 feet / 2x4s
p 104
With few exceptions ____x____ and ____x____ are the standard for lightweight construction, while conventional construction will utilize a minimum of ____x____.
2x3’s / 2x4’s / 2x4’s
p 105
The ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent of the following factors:
- Type of ______________
- How long the fire has been ___________
- Fire ___________
- construction
- burning
- intensity
p 105
A ________ roof is a frame configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consist of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls.
gable
p 106
Gable roofs are found in ___________ to _______ pitch configurations.
semi flat / steep
p 106
Metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness and depth of penetration. The most common are ____-_______ steel plates with prongs that produce _____-inch penetration.
18-gauge / 3/8 inch
p 106
The strong areas of a gable roof are the ________ and the area where the rafters cross the ___________ _______.
ridge / outside walls
p 107
In gable roofs _________ are under tension and compression.
trusses
p 107
When the bottom ________ or ____________ fails, trusses will fail.
chord or webbing
p 107
__________ burns and fails at a faster rate than sheathing, and it offers minimal resistance to fire.
Plywood
p 107
__________, ________, and ___________ _________ board are also currently used as a decking in an effort to reduce building costs, and they can be more hazardous than plywood.
Particle, chip, and oriented strand board (O.S.B)
p 107
The ______ roof is similar to the gable roof.
hip
p 107
__________ rafters are used where two roof lines join together in hip roofs.
Valley rafters
p 108
In hip roofs _______ and _______ rafters complete the structural members.
jack / common
p 108
In hip roofs rafters are usually ____ to ____ inches on-center, similar to the gable roof.
16 to 24 inches
p 108
Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and the area where the rafters cross the _________ ______ are areas of strenght.
outside walls
p 108
__________ _______ roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930s and 1940s.
Bridge truss
p 109
In bridge truss roof construction wooden truss members are built from ____x____ inch lumber.
2x12 inch
p 109
In bridge truss roofs the rafters are ____x____ inches or larger and covered by ____x____ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material.
2x6 inches / 1x6 inch
p 109
The bridge truss roof is well ___________. When exposed to fire, early collapse of ______ structural members should not be a primary concern.
constructed / main
p 109
The bridge truss roof is easily identified by its characteristic ___________ ends.
sloping
p 109
The ____________ ________ roof is similar to the bridge truss roofs.
bowstring arch
p 110
The bowstring arch roof was a popular type of roof constructed during the 19____s, 19____s, and 19____s on both small and large commercial type structures.
1930s, 1940s, and 1950s
p 110
Usually a large size ( ____x____ or ____x____ inch ) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members.
2x12 or 2x14 inch
p 110
___________ sheating was used prior to 1933 and __________ sheating was used after 1933.
Straight / diagonal
p 110
Most bowstring arch roofs are well _____________.
constructed
p 110
A bowstring truss roof is similar to the bridge truss roof, it usually fails in __________ depending on the type of fire and structural integrity of the roof.
sections
p 110
In bowstring truss roofs strength is dependent on the size of __________ used and the span of _________.
lumber / trusses
p 110
A __________ _______ roof is a roof patterned with an egg crate, geometric, or diamond design.
lamella arch
p 110
Lamella arch roofs are constructed from ____x____ inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing.
2x12 inch
p 110
The lamella arch roof is supported by exterior ___________, or internal _____ ______ with turnbuckles.
buttresses / tie rods
p 111
Lamella arch roofs are common on _______________, large buildings used for recreational activities, large ________________, etc.
gymnasiums / supermarkets
p 111
A __________ arch roof is solidly built with good construction techniques and lumber.
lamella
p 111
What roof is similar in appearance to bowstring arch and lamella roofs?
tied truss arch roof
p 111
This is an arched roof that uses metal tie rods to offer lateral support for walls of the building?
tied truss arch roof
p 111
On tied truss arch roofs the top chords of arch members may use laminated _____x_____’s or larger members.
2x12’s
p 112
A ______ _______ _______ roof uses a large size of lumber (2x12 inches or larger) and 1x6 inch sheathing as roof decking.
tied truss arch roof
p 112
What is the primary hazard of tied truss arch roofs?
early failure of the metal tie rods and turnbuckles
p 112
A ______________ roof is used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies.
sawtooth
p 112
What type of roof is basically constructed the same today as it was during the 1930s and 1940s?
sawtooth roofs
p 112
What roof is easy to ventilate by using the hinged panes of glass?
sawtooth roof
p 113
Wood rafters of various size (2x6 inches or larger) are laid across outside walls or outside wall to interior walls / structural supports to form what roofs?
Conventional flat roof
p 113
What roof construction consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are connected by a wooden stem?
Wooden I Beam roof
p 114
Nailing blocks are placed perpendicular to the top chords and are spaced _____ feet apart in wooden I beam roofs.
4 feet
p 115
What practice in wooden I beam roof construction removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent I beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire?
running heating and air conditioning ducts of various sizes through the stems.
p 116
Ventilation personnel must be aware of _________ ________ when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.
nailing blocks
p 116
________ _______ construction consist of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross connected by steel tube web members.
Open web
p 116
Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation and is constructed with other __________ chords laid on edge of _______ _______ chords.
parallel / flat laid
p 116
In open web roof construction spans up to _____ feet are possible using a single 2x4 or two 2x3s as top and bottom chord members.
70 feet
p 116
In open web roof construction when plywood decking is nailed to structural members, a method termed ____________ _________ is employed.
diaphragm nailing
p 117
Expect to find a lack of ______ _______ in open web roof construction.
fire stops
p 117
Wood trusses predominantly composed of 2x4s are held together by metal gusset plate connectors in what type of construction?
Metal gusset plate roofs
p 117
Utilization of 2x4s in a span of up to _____ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs.
80 feet
p 118
Panelized roofs consist of four major components:
- ________ (laminated wood or metal)
- ________
- ___x___ inch joints
- ___ inch plywood decking
- Beams
- Purlins
- 2x4
- 2 inch
p 118
A common size for a ________ is 4x12 inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam.
purlin
p 119
What are the strengths of panelized roofs?
- ________
- _________
- Building ___________
- Beams
- Purlins
- Building perimeter
p 120
_______ ______ _____ ________ construction uses a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of large and small buildings.
Open web bar joist
p 120
Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat (steel begins to lose its strength at ______ *F) will expand, twist and possibly fail and is a hazard in open web bar joist construction.
1000 *F
p 121
In ____________ __________ roof construction a steel or wood substructure is covered by corrugated metal.
lightweight concrete
p 121
In lightweight concrete roof construction an air-entrained mixture of ______, ________, and occasionally _____ ________ is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and 4x4 inch or 6x6 inch ______ _______ to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches.
sand, concrete, pea gravel / wire mesh
p 121
What are some strengths of light weight concrete roofs?
- strong, hard surface
- structurally sound and resistant to fire
p 121
Concrete roofs are difficult to penetrate with a _______ ______ or rotary saw with a _________ blade. Use a rotary saw with a ____________ blade or _________ tipped wood blade to cut ventilation openings.
chain saw / masonry / diamond / carbide
p 121
Buildings that are primarily constructed of metal can be categorized as ____________ and ________ _______.
corrugated / metal beam
p 121
Hazards of corrugated roofs:
- _____________ portions of these buildings will quickly fail when subjected to sufficient heat or fire
- Steel loses its __________ strength at 1000*F and ___________ or ___________ offers little resistance to fire.
- ______ ___________ operations on these buildings should be considered extremely dangerous.
- corrugated
- tensile / aluminum or fiberglass
- roof ventilation
p 122
Metal beam buildings have a substructure of steel beams, usually coated with a spray-on ______ _________ material.
fire retardant
p 122
The metal beam skeleton is then finished with an exterior of ___________, ___________, _________ or similar materials.
concrete, masonry, glass
p 122
A metal beam building will vary from ______ _________ to the tallest ______ _______.
two stories / high rise
p 122
Hazards of metal beam buildings:
- _____________ _____________ of fire and smoke to upper floors is enhanced in buildings with multiple floors. Falling ________ of ________ or other building materials may also be present.
- What you see is not what you get. ___________ ___________ your area and being familiar with construction and specific buildings is key.
- When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand ____ inches per ______ feet, which can push out walls.
Vertical extension / panels of glass
Prefire planning
9 inches / 100 feet
p 122
Concrete construction methods:
_______ _____ buildings are made of concrete slabs that have been tilted up into place to form exterior walls of a structure.
Tilt Up
p 122
Buildings that have masonry as the prime material can be categorized as follows:
- ________
- Pre-______
- Post-______
- Post-______
- Post-______
- Brick
- Pre-1933
- Post-1933
- Post-1952
- Post-1971
p 123-124
Brick buildings constructed up until the 1930s are commonly classified as _____________ masonry buildings.
unreinforced
p 123
Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 have the following characteristics:
- Mortar consisting of ______ and ______ only, no cement
- Lack of steel ___________ rods
- Brick exterior walls about _____ inches thick
- ___________ walls around the perimeter of a roof
- sand and lime
- reinforcing
- 13 inches
- parapet
p 123
Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 characteristics:
- Floor or roof joists that are let ( _____________ or ___________ in a cavity) into the inside of exterior walls
- Straight roof ____________
- Roof and floor joists that are ______ ______ (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down exterior walls.
- penetrated or resting
- sheathing
- fire cut
p 124
The following revisions characterize the masonry buildings built after 1933:
- Exterior walls are required to be at least ____ inches thick
- Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with ________ _________
- All joists and rafters are required to be anchored to ___________ ______
- ___________ utilized in the mortar
- ____________ roof sheathing
- 9 inches
- steel rebar
- exterior walls
- cement
- diagonal
p 124
Post 1952 building codes were modified to require the following retroactive correction on existing buildings of masonry construction:
- A 4 to 6 inch concrete _______-________ cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits
- Parapet walls should not be higher than _____ inches, including the bond-beam cap.
- Exterior walls should be drilled at the roof rafter level and a _______ _________ bar/rod installed every _____ feet and attached to the existing roof rafter. This modification rendered the ______ _____ to the roof rafter ineffective.
- bond-beam
- 16 inches
- steel anchor / ____ feet / fire cut
p 124
Post 1971 - This review was instrumental in additional retroactive corrections (EARTHQUAKE ORDINANCE) designed to prevent exterior walls from collapsing outward by stabilizing the building by:
- Anchoring walls to _______ and _______ systems
- Strengthening ______ construction (plywood, metal, straps, etc.)
- floor and roof
- roof
p 125
Brick identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* ________ _____-_________ on the exterior of a building
* A _______-_______ cap of concrete on top of parapet walls
* Deeply recessed ____________ _________
* Windows may have ____________ or __________ lintels
- rafter tie-plates
- bond-beam
- window frames
- arched or straight
p 125
Brick Identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* The line mortar between the bricks is ________, _________ and ________ and may be easily rubbed away by a fingernail, knife, etc.
* In every _________ to __________ row of bricks, one row will have been laid on-end. This row of bricks is referred to as the _______ ______ and is for additional strenght.
- white, porous, and sandy
- fourth to seventh
- king row
p 125
A _________ can be defined as an “identifiable style of construction on the exterior of a building that will conceal and spread the travel (extension) of fire.”
facade
p 128
Facades are external _________.
attics
p 128
__________ are utilized to conceal equipment and machinery on flat roofs.
facades
p 128
Facades are usually open or common to the ________ of a building.
attic
p 129
Unless proven otherwise, expect any facade not to be ______-___________ and open to the ________ of the building.
fire-stopped / attic
p 129
Facades normally hide or conceal the _______ _______.
roof line
p 129
Roofs that are lower than a facade utilize __________ for drainage. The __________ is the actual roof line.
scuppers / scuppers
p 129
_______ _______ are between the attic vent and top of the facade or parapet.
Roof lines
p 129
_____________ that can be seen above a facade will indicate the roof is in close proximity.
Equipment
p 130
Roof lines are between the top of ___________ and the top of the __________ or __________.
windows / facade or parapet
p 130
Rafter _____ ________ indicate the location of roof rafters and identify the roof line.
tie plates
p 130
Bungalow Construction can be classified as an ______ ________ of lightweight construction.
old type
p 130
Bungalow construction has increased exposure problems due to all-_______ construction.
wood
p 130
Although these buildings can be considered structurally sound they often hide __________ _____________, which does not use horizontal fire blocking in the walls between multiple floors separating the attic from open vertical runs in the walls.
ballon construction
p 130
When knob and tube wiring construction exist, particular emphasis must be placed on eliminating the ?
electrical service to the involved structure
p 131
What construction method has dramatically cut the time necessary to complete the multistory and high rise buildings by bolting prefabricated panels on the exterior of buildings?
Curtain construction method
p 131
Depending on the particular method that is employed curtain construction can be about _____ percent faster than conventional construction.
60%
p 131
True or False:
Aluminum exposed to the same conditions as steel will lose its tensile strength and possibly fail in a shorter period of time?
True
p 131
When approaching any building, consider its ______.
AGE
p 132
What are the three general time periods that can be used to classify buildings:
Pre-1933
1933 to late 1950s
1950s to the present
p 132
Pre-1933
Structures built during this time period are characterized by the following:
* Unreinforced ___________. Roofs on these buildings are constructed using ____________ methods.
* Structures that use the wood shiplap exterior, ___________ and ___________ construction and _______ and _______ wiring.
* ___________ or ___________ roof sheathing.
- masonry / conventional
- ballon and bungalow / knob and tube
- straight or diagonal
p 132
1933 to late 1950s
- Expect to find buildings with solid construction and in compliance with ___________ ________.
- ____________ or ____________ sheathing.
- building codes
- straight or diagonal
p 132
1950s to the Present:
New style buildings with concrete tilt-up walls, facades and flat roofs indicate that _____________ construction may be present.
lightweight
p 132
Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________ - The presence of lightweight construction must be ___________.
* _____________ - There must be a flow of information between IC, company commanders and other personnel that may be affected by a
particular type of construction.
* __________
* _________________
- Identification / identified
- Communication
- Time
- Operations
p 132-133
Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions continued:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________
* _____________
* _______ - Construction size and configuration directly affects fireground _______.
* _____________ - When the preceding factors are evaluated, a foundation will be formulated to determine the appropriate and safe implementation of interior, exterior, offensive or defensive ____________
- Identification
- Communication
- Time / time
- Operations / operations
p 132-133
