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NIMS Book 1 - ICS > NIMS Book 1 - Section II - Appendix A > Flashcards

NIMS Book 1 - Section II - Appendix A Flashcards

1
Q

Basically, size up consists of the following three operations:

  • Analyzing the ____________
  • Deciding on a _______ (___________)
  • Placing the _______ into ____________ (tactics)
A
  • situation
  • plan (strategy)
  • plan / operation

p 102

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2
Q

During a size-up one of the first considerations should be type and construction of the building. These two factors will indicate:

  • Rate of ___________
  • Possible avenues of fire _________
  • Problems that will have a direct impact on efforts to __________ a fire
  • _____________ integrity
  • _________ necessary to conduct safe fireground operations
A
  • burning
  • spread
  • confine
  • structural
  • time

p 102

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3
Q

_____________ construction uses structural members that depend on size for strength.

A

Conventional

p 103

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4
Q

The greater the _______ for a structural member, the __________ it has to be to support a given load.

A

span / larger

p 103

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5
Q

In conventional construction the size of structural members dictates the time necessary for?

A

failure when exposed to heat or fire

p 103

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6
Q

Conventional Construction

Size = ___________

A

Strength

p 103

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7
Q

In _____________ construction strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension.

A

lightweight

p 104

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8
Q

In lightweight construction the strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the?

A

total sum of the other members

p 104

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9
Q 
Lightweight Construction (Less than Average Weight / Size) 
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Strenght
A

Compression/Tension = Strength

p 104

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10
Q

A working knowledge of building construction provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate ______-_____ of a structure, and it also provides the foundation for effective, timely and safe fireground operations in the following areas:

  • _____________ integrity
  • __________ placement
  • __________ entry / _________ and rescue
  • ___________ feasibility
  • Operations - ___________ or ____________
A

size-up / structural / ladder / forcible/search / offensive or defensive

p 102

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11
Q

A single lightweight truss structural member can span _____ feet and may be comprised of _____x_____ in compression and tension to form an integral unit.

A

70 feet / 2x4s

p 104

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12
Q

With few exceptions ____x____ and ____x____ are the standard for lightweight construction, while conventional construction will utilize a minimum of ____x____.

A

2x3’s / 2x4’s / 2x4’s

p 105

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13
Q

The ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent of the following factors:

  • Type of ______________
  • How long the fire has been ___________
  • Fire ___________
A
  • construction
  • burning
  • intensity

p 105

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14
Q

A ________ roof is a frame configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consist of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls.

A

gable

p 106

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15
Q

Gable roofs are found in ___________ to _______ pitch configurations.

A

semi flat / steep

p 106

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16
Q

Metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness and depth of penetration. The most common are ____-_______ steel plates with prongs that produce _____-inch penetration.

A

18-gauge / 3/8 inch

p 106

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17
Q

The strong areas of a gable roof are the ________ and the area where the rafters cross the ___________ _______.

A

ridge / outside walls

p 107

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18
Q

In gable roofs _________ are under tension and compression.

A

trusses

p 107

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19
Q

When the bottom ________ or ____________ fails, trusses will fail.

A

chord or webbing

p 107

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20
Q

__________ burns and fails at a faster rate than sheathing, and it offers minimal resistance to fire.

A

Plywood

p 107

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21
Q

__________, ________, and ___________ _________ board are also currently used as a decking in an effort to reduce building costs, and they can be more hazardous than plywood.

A

Particle, chip, and oriented strand board (O.S.B)

p 107

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22
Q

The ______ roof is similar to the gable roof.

A

hip

p 107

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23
Q

__________ rafters are used where two roof lines join together in hip roofs.

A

Valley rafters

p 108

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24
Q

In hip roofs _______ and _______ rafters complete the structural members.

A

jack / common

p 108

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25
Q

In hip roofs rafters are usually ____ to ____ inches on-center, similar to the gable roof.

A

16 to 24 inches

p 108

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26
Q

Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and the area where the rafters cross the _________ ______ are areas of strenght.

A

outside walls

p 108

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27
Q

__________ _______ roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930s and 1940s.

A

Bridge truss

p 109

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28
Q

In bridge truss roof construction wooden truss members are built from ____x____ inch lumber.

A

2x12 inch

p 109

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29
Q

In bridge truss roofs the rafters are ____x____ inches or larger and covered by ____x____ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material.

A

2x6 inches / 1x6 inch

p 109

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30
Q

The bridge truss roof is well ___________. When exposed to fire, early collapse of ______ structural members should not be a primary concern.

A

constructed / main

p 109

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31
Q

The bridge truss roof is easily identified by its characteristic ___________ ends.

A

sloping

p 109

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32
Q

The ____________ ________ roof is similar to the bridge truss roofs.

A

bowstring arch

p 110

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33
Q

The bowstring arch roof was a popular type of roof constructed during the 19____s, 19____s, and 19____s on both small and large commercial type structures.

A

1930s, 1940s, and 1950s

p 110

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34
Q

Usually a large size ( ____x____ or ____x____ inch ) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members.

A

2x12 or 2x14 inch

p 110

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35
Q

___________ sheating was used prior to 1933 and __________ sheating was used after 1933.

A

Straight / diagonal

p 110

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36
Q

Most bowstring arch roofs are well _____________.

A

constructed

p 110

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37
Q

A bowstring truss roof is similar to the bridge truss roof, it usually fails in __________ depending on the type of fire and structural integrity of the roof.

A

sections

p 110

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38
Q

In bowstring truss roofs strength is dependent on the size of __________ used and the span of _________.

A

lumber / trusses

p 110

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39
Q

A __________ _______ roof is a roof patterned with an egg crate, geometric, or diamond design.

A

lamella arch

p 110

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40
Q

Lamella arch roofs are constructed from ____x____ inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing.

A

2x12 inch

p 110

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41
Q

The lamella arch roof is supported by exterior ___________, or internal _____ ______ with turnbuckles.

A

buttresses / tie rods

p 111

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42
Q

Lamella arch roofs are common on _______________, large buildings used for recreational activities, large ________________, etc.

A

gymnasiums / supermarkets

p 111

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43
Q

A __________ arch roof is solidly built with good construction techniques and lumber.

A

lamella

p 111

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44
Q

What roof is similar in appearance to bowstring arch and lamella roofs?

A

tied truss arch roof

p 111

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45
Q

This is an arched roof that uses metal tie rods to offer lateral support for walls of the building?

A

tied truss arch roof

p 111

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46
Q

On tied truss arch roofs the top chords of arch members may use laminated _____x_____’s or larger members.

A

2x12’s

p 112

47
Q

A ______ _______ _______ roof uses a large size of lumber (2x12 inches or larger) and 1x6 inch sheathing as roof decking.

A

tied truss arch roof

p 112

48
Q

What is the primary hazard of tied truss arch roofs?

A

early failure of the metal tie rods and turnbuckles

p 112

49
Q

A ______________ roof is used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies.

A

sawtooth

p 112

50
Q

What type of roof is basically constructed the same today as it was during the 1930s and 1940s?

A

sawtooth roofs

p 112

51
Q

What roof is easy to ventilate by using the hinged panes of glass?

A

sawtooth roof

p 113

52
Q

Wood rafters of various size (2x6 inches or larger) are laid across outside walls or outside wall to interior walls / structural supports to form what roofs?

A

Conventional flat roof

p 113

53
Q

What roof construction consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are connected by a wooden stem?

A

Wooden I Beam roof

p 114

54
Q

Nailing blocks are placed perpendicular to the top chords and are spaced _____ feet apart in wooden I beam roofs.

A

4 feet

p 115

55
Q

What practice in wooden I beam roof construction removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent I beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire?

A

running heating and air conditioning ducts of various sizes through the stems.

p 116

56
Q

Ventilation personnel must be aware of _________ ________ when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.

A

nailing blocks

p 116

57
Q

________ _______ construction consist of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross connected by steel tube web members.

A

Open web

p 116

58
Q

Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation and is constructed with other __________ chords laid on edge of _______ _______ chords.

A

parallel / flat laid

p 116

59
Q

In open web roof construction spans up to _____ feet are possible using a single 2x4 or two 2x3s as top and bottom chord members.

A

70 feet

p 116

60
Q

In open web roof construction when plywood decking is nailed to structural members, a method termed ____________ _________ is employed.

A

diaphragm nailing

p 117

61
Q

Expect to find a lack of ______ _______ in open web roof construction.

A

fire stops

p 117

62
Q

Wood trusses predominantly composed of 2x4s are held together by metal gusset plate connectors in what type of construction?

A

Metal gusset plate roofs

p 117

63
Q

Utilization of 2x4s in a span of up to _____ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs.

A

80 feet

p 118

64
Q

Panelized roofs consist of four major components:

  • ________ (laminated wood or metal)
  • ________
  • ___x___ inch joints
  • ___ inch plywood decking
A
  • Beams
  • Purlins
  • 2x4
  • 2 inch

p 118

65
Q

A common size for a ________ is 4x12 inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam.

A

purlin

p 119

66
Q

What are the strengths of panelized roofs?

  • ________
  • _________
  • Building ___________
A
  • Beams
  • Purlins
  • Building perimeter

p 120

67
Q

_______ ______ _____ ________ construction uses a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of large and small buildings.

A

Open web bar joist

p 120

68
Q

Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat (steel begins to lose its strength at ______ *F) will expand, twist and possibly fail and is a hazard in open web bar joist construction.

A

1000 *F

p 121

69
Q

In ____________ __________ roof construction a steel or wood substructure is covered by corrugated metal.

A

lightweight concrete

p 121

70
Q

In lightweight concrete roof construction an air-entrained mixture of ______, ________, and occasionally _____ ________ is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and 4x4 inch or 6x6 inch ______ _______ to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches.

A

sand, concrete, pea gravel / wire mesh

p 121

71
Q

What are some strengths of light weight concrete roofs?

A
  • strong, hard surface
  • structurally sound and resistant to fire

p 121

72
Q

Concrete roofs are difficult to penetrate with a _______ ______ or rotary saw with a _________ blade. Use a rotary saw with a ____________ blade or _________ tipped wood blade to cut ventilation openings.

A

chain saw / masonry / diamond / carbide

p 121

73
Q

Buildings that are primarily constructed of metal can be categorized as ____________ and ________ _______.

A

corrugated / metal beam

p 121

74
Q

Hazards of corrugated roofs:

  • _____________ portions of these buildings will quickly fail when subjected to sufficient heat or fire
  • Steel loses its __________ strength at 1000*F and ___________ or ___________ offers little resistance to fire.
  • ______ ___________ operations on these buildings should be considered extremely dangerous.
A
  • corrugated
  • tensile / aluminum or fiberglass
  • roof ventilation

p 122

75
Q

Metal beam buildings have a substructure of steel beams, usually coated with a spray-on ______ _________ material.

A

fire retardant

p 122

76
Q

The metal beam skeleton is then finished with an exterior of ___________, ___________, _________ or similar materials.

A

concrete, masonry, glass

p 122

77
Q

A metal beam building will vary from ______ _________ to the tallest ______ _______.

A

two stories / high rise

p 122

78
Q

Hazards of metal beam buildings:

  • _____________ _____________ of fire and smoke to upper floors is enhanced in buildings with multiple floors. Falling ________ of ________ or other building materials may also be present.
  • What you see is not what you get. ___________ ___________ your area and being familiar with construction and specific buildings is key.
  • When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand ____ inches per ______ feet, which can push out walls.
A

Vertical extension / panels of glass
Prefire planning
9 inches / 100 feet

p 122

79
Q

Concrete construction methods:
_______ _____ buildings are made of concrete slabs that have been tilted up into place to form exterior walls of a structure.

A

Tilt Up

p 122

80
Q

Buildings that have masonry as the prime material can be categorized as follows:

  • ________
  • Pre-______
  • Post-______
  • Post-______
  • Post-______
A
  • Brick
  • Pre-1933
  • Post-1933
  • Post-1952
  • Post-1971

p 123-124

81
Q

Brick buildings constructed up until the 1930s are commonly classified as _____________ masonry buildings.

A

unreinforced

p 123

82
Q

Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 have the following characteristics:

  • Mortar consisting of ______ and ______ only, no cement
  • Lack of steel ___________ rods
  • Brick exterior walls about _____ inches thick
  • ___________ walls around the perimeter of a roof
A
  • sand and lime
  • reinforcing
  • 13 inches
  • parapet

p 123

83
Q

Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 characteristics:

  • Floor or roof joists that are let ( _____________ or ___________ in a cavity) into the inside of exterior walls
  • Straight roof ____________
  • Roof and floor joists that are ______ ______ (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down exterior walls.
A
  • penetrated or resting
  • sheathing
  • fire cut

p 124

84
Q

The following revisions characterize the masonry buildings built after 1933:

  • Exterior walls are required to be at least ____ inches thick
  • Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with ________ _________
  • All joists and rafters are required to be anchored to ___________ ______
  • ___________ utilized in the mortar
  • ____________ roof sheathing
A
  • 9 inches
  • steel rebar
  • exterior walls
  • cement
  • diagonal

p 124

85
Q

Post 1952 building codes were modified to require the following retroactive correction on existing buildings of masonry construction:

  • A 4 to 6 inch concrete _______-________ cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits
  • Parapet walls should not be higher than _____ inches, including the bond-beam cap.
  • Exterior walls should be drilled at the roof rafter level and a _______ _________ bar/rod installed every _____ feet and attached to the existing roof rafter. This modification rendered the ______ _____ to the roof rafter ineffective.
A
  • bond-beam
  • 16 inches
  • steel anchor / ____ feet / fire cut

p 124

86
Q

Post 1971 - This review was instrumental in additional retroactive corrections (EARTHQUAKE ORDINANCE) designed to prevent exterior walls from collapsing outward by stabilizing the building by:

  • Anchoring walls to _______ and _______ systems
  • Strengthening ______ construction (plywood, metal, straps, etc.)
A
  • floor and roof
  • roof

p 125

87
Q

Brick identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* ________ _____-_________ on the exterior of a building
* A _______-_______ cap of concrete on top of parapet walls
* Deeply recessed ____________ _________
* Windows may have ____________ or __________ lintels

A
  • rafter tie-plates
  • bond-beam
  • window frames
  • arched or straight

p 125

88
Q

Brick Identification:
Unreinforced masonry buildings will share all or a portion of the following trademarks:
* The line mortar between the bricks is ________, _________ and ________ and may be easily rubbed away by a fingernail, knife, etc.
* In every _________ to __________ row of bricks, one row will have been laid on-end. This row of bricks is referred to as the _______ ______ and is for additional strenght.

A
  • white, porous, and sandy
  • fourth to seventh
  • king row

p 125

89
Q

A _________ can be defined as an “identifiable style of construction on the exterior of a building that will conceal and spread the travel (extension) of fire.”

A

facade

p 128

90
Q

Facades are external _________.

A

attics

p 128

91
Q

__________ are utilized to conceal equipment and machinery on flat roofs.

A

facades

p 128

92
Q

Facades are usually open or common to the ________ of a building.

A

attic

p 129

93
Q

Unless proven otherwise, expect any facade not to be ______-___________ and open to the ________ of the building.

A

fire-stopped / attic

p 129

94
Q

Facades normally hide or conceal the _______ _______.

A

roof line

p 129

95
Q

Roofs that are lower than a facade utilize __________ for drainage. The __________ is the actual roof line.

A

scuppers / scuppers

p 129

96
Q

_______ _______ are between the attic vent and top of the facade or parapet.

A

Roof lines

p 129

97
Q

_____________ that can be seen above a facade will indicate the roof is in close proximity.

A

Equipment

p 130

98
Q

Roof lines are between the top of ___________ and the top of the __________ or __________.

A

windows / facade or parapet

p 130

99
Q

Rafter _____ ________ indicate the location of roof rafters and identify the roof line.

A

tie plates

p 130

100
Q

Bungalow Construction can be classified as an ______ ________ of lightweight construction.

A

old type

p 130

101
Q

Bungalow construction has increased exposure problems due to all-_______ construction.

A

wood

p 130

102
Q

Although these buildings can be considered structurally sound they often hide __________ _____________, which does not use horizontal fire blocking in the walls between multiple floors separating the attic from open vertical runs in the walls.

A

ballon construction

p 130

103
Q

When knob and tube wiring construction exist, particular emphasis must be placed on eliminating the ?

A

electrical service to the involved structure

p 131

104
Q

What construction method has dramatically cut the time necessary to complete the multistory and high rise buildings by bolting prefabricated panels on the exterior of buildings?

A

Curtain construction method

p 131

105
Q

Depending on the particular method that is employed curtain construction can be about _____ percent faster than conventional construction.

A

60%

p 131

106
Q

True or False:
Aluminum exposed to the same conditions as steel will lose its tensile strength and possibly fail in a shorter period of time?

A

True

p 131

107
Q

When approaching any building, consider its ______.

A

AGE

p 132

108
Q

What are the three general time periods that can be used to classify buildings:

A

Pre-1933
1933 to late 1950s
1950s to the present

p 132

109
Q

Pre-1933
Structures built during this time period are characterized by the following:
* Unreinforced ___________. Roofs on these buildings are constructed using ____________ methods.
* Structures that use the wood shiplap exterior, ___________ and ___________ construction and _______ and _______ wiring.
* ___________ or ___________ roof sheathing.

A
  • masonry / conventional
  • ballon and bungalow / knob and tube
  • straight or diagonal

p 132

110
Q

1933 to late 1950s

  • Expect to find buildings with solid construction and in compliance with ___________ ________.
  • ____________ or ____________ sheathing.
A
  • building codes
  • straight or diagonal

p 132

111
Q

1950s to the Present:
New style buildings with concrete tilt-up walls, facades and flat roofs indicate that _____________ construction may be present.

A

lightweight

p 132

112
Q

Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________ - The presence of lightweight construction must be ___________.
* _____________ - There must be a flow of information between IC, company commanders and other personnel that may be affected by a
particular type of construction.
* __________
* _________________

A
  • Identification / identified
  • Communication
  • Time
  • Operations

p 132-133

113
Q

Impact of lightweight construction of fireground decisions continued:
Personnel must address four areas:
* _____________
* _____________
* _______ - Construction size and configuration directly affects fireground _______.
* _____________ - When the preceding factors are evaluated, a foundation will be formulated to determine the appropriate and safe implementation of interior, exterior, offensive or defensive ____________

A
  • Identification
  • Communication
  • Time / time
  • Operations / operations

p 132-133

NIMS Book 1 - ICS (29 decks)

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