Nile Valley

Question 1

what year was the Suez Canal opened?

Answer 1

1869

Question 2

the problems facing Egypt in 1870s?

Answer 2

british desire to protect trade
wante dto protect suez canal and route to india
after failure in Inidain Mutiny they needed to protect global status quo
britain feared other powers France and Russia would take over if the ottoman empire collapsed

Question 3

ottoman empire problems ?

Answer 3

weak bureacratic rule, local rulers called Khedives were poor administrators
economic dependnecy to the B + F up to £100 million debt by 1870
Khedive forced to sell suez shares yet still went bankrupt 1875-6

Question 4

what year was dual control establsihed ?

Answer 4

1878

Question 5

what was dual control?

Answer 5

F+B jointly took control over Egyptian finance
major spending cuts in army and civil service pay
British and French controller generals supervised Egyptian rule
1879 British pressure led to replacemant of Khediv with Tewfik Pasha who was more willing to obey B and F wishes

Question 6

effects of dual cotrol

Answer 6

drop in living standards, unemployemnt, street rioting
egyptian sovereignity had been diminsihed led to rise in nationilsim under the Leaderhsip o fteh popular army officer Arbai Pasha
At a meeting 1881 Pasha demanded a bigger army, removl of Foreign officlas and more power
by 1881 a anew nationalist government formed
1882 Arabi was Minister of war
thsi new gov had to borrow more money to prevent spending cuts

Question 7

how much exports and imports went to and from Britain by 1880?

Answer 7

80% of Egyptian exports went to Britain
44% of imports originated there

Question 8

n

Question 9

finace /trade reasons for Btitish intervention in Egypt 1882

Answer 9

provided important and growing market for British exports
Khedievs railway and harbour building projects attracated contracts
during America civil war importted susbstatial amount of cotton

Question 10

humanitrian reasns for why britian intervention in 1882

Answer 10

Britian clamed intervention was necessary to prevent loss of life.

Question 11

political reasons for intervention in 1882

Answer 11

ris eof nationalism Pasha
issues with Disreali
issues with Gladstone

Question 12

what was the veiled protectorate ?

Answer 12

a period of time where Britain controlled Egypt but without any legal authority to do so, even though the Khedive had rule Britain managed budget and military.

Question 13

in 1875 what percentage of shares did Disraeli purchase?

Answer 13

45%

Question 14

gambetta note 1882

Answer 14

britain and french responded to the increasing tensions in egypt by issuing the gambetta note
the note stated that 2 powers regarded the maintenence of the Khedives power as the best guarentee for order and development of propserity in egypt

Question 15

reasons for controll of egypt by british from 1882 ?

Answer 15

the defeat in november 1883 of the egyptian amy under the leaership of William Hicks, by radical Jihadist forces under the leadership of the madhi in Sudan.
the nature of Evelyn Baring and his agend for egypt
the defeat of Gladstone over the question of Irish Home Rule and dominance of Lord Salisbury for the last years of the century.

Question 16

role of Baring

Answer 16

he believed that there needed to be fundamental changes to the agricultural infrastructure and governmental institutions of the country

Question 17

the emergence of radical islam in sudan

Answer 17

it became a further pretext for the presence of british in Egypt
egypts control over sudan was falling apart so was given to Governor Gordon
madhi leader emerged afte rteh situation in sudan became uncertain
madist control had a number of victories but the egyptian army buuthe wiping out of 300 of 7,00 trops under the command of sir william hicks in November 1883

Question 18

the collapse of liberalism in Britain

Answer 18

gladstone commitment to the home rule in ireland resulted splitting in the splitting of teh liberal party and conservtaives leading for teh rest of teh cenury. Lord salisbury was initially annoyed by the presence of britain in egypt but he didnt want france to get potential advantage in africa.

Question 19

the work of sir evelyn baring

Answer 19

he was convinced that the future of egypt rested on devloping its agriculture and a large proportion of his time in egypt was devoted to improving drainage for agriuculture.
stringent financial control and making public cuts
he spent 8 million on repaying debs
1 million on irrigation drainage to pmrove agriculture

Question 20

weaknesses to barings work

Answer 20

his restricted budget meant that the economy couldnt prosper as much slow progress, the tax system was unfair as peasent farmers were paying more
he ignored edcuation refused to fund seconday school, and increaased prices for priamry so taht less peopel would enroll
underestimating the strength of developing nationalism in egypt at the end of 19th century. especailly that of the fellahin

Question 21

problems of the sudan

Answer 21

changes in relationship between ottoman empire and egyptians, Khedive Ismail appointed Gordon as governor to eliminate salevry but it took a large toll on the economy,

Question 22

the madhi of sudan

Answer 22

caused major destablisation to the country
egytians launched a number of attacks the sir william hciks attack on teh madhist forced failed killing everyone bt 300 people

Question 23

gladstone concerns and policy

Answer 23

gladstone saw no reason to interven in sudan as they had no strategic or economic reasosns to be there howvever teh growing madist forces and his uspporters made him cautious about an expensive campaign
1884 gorn gets dispatched to the Sudan to organise an evacuation of teh garison

Question 24

gordosn mission in Sudan

Answer 24

there has been many debates to understand why he had failed to evacuate them
instead of concentrating on withdrawing the garrison from Khaartoum he spent his time contacting London, insteadof withdrawal by river he remained without saing the garrisons
teh madhi finally broke through and killed them all 26th jan
teh publciblames gladstone adn he was named murderer of gordon for sending a uncoded telegram
thsi contributed to his defeat and end of liberalism

Question 25

the conquest of sudan

Answer 25

1896 lord salisbury ordered a campaign in sudan to secure teh nle
campaign led by Kitchener was aiming to annex sudan
there were 2 main threats to british intrests
anglofrench rivarly and the madhist forces and pan isalmic nationislm it might cause in egypt
1896 after the battle of adwa in ialy Salisbury decided it was tiem to launch an annexation agaisn tthe madhi to prevent pan islmism into egypt

Question 26

the fear of french occupation

Answer 26

1890 britain decalres nile valley as their sphere of influence whcih was agreed with italy germany and belgium french diagreed
in 1898 2 armed forces met in fashoda at alsmot the xact point atwhcih britsih and french intrests intersected
kitcheners 1,500 army met with french 120 and tehy were told by salisbury to occupy teh entire upper nile
kitchener allowed teh french flag to stay and instead they both decided to give the matter into the hands of London and paris this was resolved witha aprty and french eventaully dropped it with their own internal struggles iwth the Dreyfus affair

Question 27

what was the dreyfuss affair ?

Answer 27

captain Dreyfus was tried for treason for leaking militray secrets and imprisond on devils islans
the real culprit was found later on and this was tehn turned into a scandal when a famou writer in 1898 said that this was an act athat was anti-semitci

Question 28

the role of Kitchener

Answer 28

he was very methodical and equipped with the most modenr weapons and supported by ligh gauge adn guboats , after wiping out the mdhist in Ferkeh in 1896 salisbury was happy to attampt an entire takeover of Sudan
the campaign ws successful and Kitchener on a further vicoroy agaisnt madhi at Atbara before teh capital in Omdurman where hsi forces destroyed those of the madhi
he was very anti-madhi adn when he was killed he decaiated his hed from his body whoch outrged the public and many anti-imperialist in Britain esecially with his violence in teh Boer wars
but he was largely popular with public and secretary of war

Question 29

the significance of omdurman

Answer 29

2nd septmeber 1898
the new advantage of the British Maxim Gun mean that this objective was achived at the battle of Omdurman
the madhist forced of 10,00 dead and 13, ooo taken prioner and 5,000 wounded
with only 47 british dead and 382 wounded
followingthe defeat of madhist forces in Omdurman britian had effectively control of all of egypt nd sudan despite teh fcition of egypt being in control throughout the veiled protectorate.