Nile Valley Flashcards
what year was the Suez Canal opened?
1869
the problems facing Egypt in 1870s?
british desire to protect trade
wante dto protect suez canal and route to india
after failure in Inidain Mutiny they needed to protect global status quo
britain feared other powers France and Russia would take over if the ottoman empire collapsed
ottoman empire problems ?
weak bureacratic rule, local rulers called Khedives were poor administrators
economic dependnecy to the B + F up to £100 million debt by 1870
Khedive forced to sell suez shares yet still went bankrupt 1875-6
what year was dual control establsihed ?
1878
what was dual control?
F+B jointly took control over Egyptian finance
major spending cuts in army and civil service pay
British and French controller generals supervised Egyptian rule
1879 British pressure led to replacemant of Khediv with Tewfik Pasha who was more willing to obey B and F wishes
effects of dual cotrol
drop in living standards, unemployemnt, street rioting
egyptian sovereignity had been diminsihed led to rise in nationilsim under the Leaderhsip o fteh popular army officer Arbai Pasha
At a meeting 1881 Pasha demanded a bigger army, removl of Foreign officlas and more power
by 1881 a anew nationalist government formed
1882 Arabi was Minister of war
thsi new gov had to borrow more money to prevent spending cuts
how much exports and imports went to and from Britain by 1880?
80% of Egyptian exports went to Britain
44% of imports originated there
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finace /trade reasons for Btitish intervention in Egypt 1882
provided important and growing market for British exports
Khedievs railway and harbour building projects attracated contracts
during America civil war importted susbstatial amount of cotton
humanitrian reasns for why britian intervention in 1882
Britian clamed intervention was necessary to prevent loss of life.
political reasons for intervention in 1882
ris eof nationalism Pasha
issues with Disreali
issues with Gladstone
what was the veiled protectorate ?
a period of time where Britain controlled Egypt but without any legal authority to do so, even though the Khedive had rule Britain managed budget and military.
in 1875 what percentage of shares did Disraeli purchase?
45%
gambetta note 1882
britain and french responded to the increasing tensions in egypt by issuing the gambetta note
the note stated that 2 powers regarded the maintenence of the Khedives power as the best guarentee for order and development of propserity in egypt
reasons for controll of egypt by british from 1882 ?
the defeat in november 1883 of the egyptian amy under the leaership of William Hicks, by radical Jihadist forces under the leadership of the madhi in Sudan.
the nature of Evelyn Baring and his agend for egypt
the defeat of Gladstone over the question of Irish Home Rule and dominance of Lord Salisbury for the last years of the century.
role of Baring
he believed that there needed to be fundamental changes to the agricultural infrastructure and governmental institutions of the country
the emergence of radical islam in sudan
it became a further pretext for the presence of british in Egypt
egypts control over sudan was falling apart so was given to Governor Gordon
madhi leader emerged afte rteh situation in sudan became uncertain
madist control had a number of victories but the egyptian army buuthe wiping out of 300 of 7,00 trops under the command of sir william hicks in November 1883
the collapse of liberalism in Britain
gladstone commitment to the home rule in ireland resulted splitting in the splitting of teh liberal party and conservtaives leading for teh rest of teh cenury. Lord salisbury was initially annoyed by the presence of britain in egypt but he didnt want france to get potential advantage in africa.
the work of sir evelyn baring
he was convinced that the future of egypt rested on devloping its agriculture and a large proportion of his time in egypt was devoted to improving drainage for agriuculture.
stringent financial control and making public cuts
he spent 8 million on repaying debs
1 million on irrigation drainage to pmrove agriculture
weaknesses to barings work
his restricted budget meant that the economy couldnt prosper as much slow progress, the tax system was unfair as peasent farmers were paying more
he ignored edcuation refused to fund seconday school, and increaased prices for priamry so taht less peopel would enroll
underestimating the strength of developing nationalism in egypt at the end of 19th century. especailly that of the fellahin
problems of the sudan
changes in relationship between ottoman empire and egyptians, Khedive Ismail appointed Gordon as governor to eliminate salevry but it took a large toll on the economy,
the madhi of sudan
caused major destablisation to the country
egytians launched a number of attacks the sir william hciks attack on teh madhist forced failed killing everyone bt 300 people
gladstone concerns and policy
gladstone saw no reason to interven in sudan as they had no strategic or economic reasosns to be there howvever teh growing madist forces and his uspporters made him cautious about an expensive campaign
1884 gorn gets dispatched to the Sudan to organise an evacuation of teh garison
gordosn mission in Sudan
there has been many debates to understand why he had failed to evacuate them
instead of concentrating on withdrawing the garrison from Khaartoum he spent his time contacting London, insteadof withdrawal by river he remained without saing the garrisons
teh madhi finally broke through and killed them all 26th jan
teh publciblames gladstone adn he was named murderer of gordon for sending a uncoded telegram
thsi contributed to his defeat and end of liberalism
