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Hearing Science > Nikki and Joanna's Deck > Flashcards

Nikki and Joanna's Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the peripheral auditory system?

A
  • outer ear to auditory nerve
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2
Q

What is included in the central auditory system?

A

-cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex

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3
Q

How many total nerve fibers are make up the auditory nerve?

A

50k

  • 30,000 hearing (cochlear)
  • 20,000 balance (vest)
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4
Q

Explain the two cores of the auditory nerve…

name the turns and their frequencies

A

Outer core- basal turn- high frequency

Inner core- apical turn- low frequency

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5
Q

Where does the auditory exit

A

IAM (Internal auditory meatus)

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6
Q

Where does the auditory nerve terminate?

A

The Ponto-medullary Junction (between the pons and medula)

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7
Q

What are the two nuclei of the cochlear nucleus?

A

Dorsal-ascending branch of auditory nerve terminates

Ventral-descending branch of auditory nerve terminates

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8
Q

What does the cochlear nucleus connect with

A

SOC (Superior Olivary Complex) and VNLL (Ventral Nucleus of Lateral Lemnisucs

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9
Q

What are the two primary nuclei of the Superior Olivary Complex

A

Medial Superior Olive (MSO) high

Lateral Superior Olive (LSO) low

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10
Q

What type of input does the SOC receive from the CN (cochlear nucleus)

A

ipsi (same side) and contra (opposite side)

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11
Q

SOC is the first site for what kind of interaction

A

Binaural

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12
Q

What is Binaural interaction

A

Processing information from both sides

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13
Q

What are two responsibilities of the SOC

A

Localization and Stapedial reflex function

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14
Q

What does ACSLIM stand for?

A 
A-Auditory Nerve
C-Cochlear Nucleus
S-Superior Olivary Complex
L-Lateral Lemniscus
I-Inferior Colliculus
M-Medial Geniculate Body
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15
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

same side

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16
Q

What does contralateral mean

A

opposite side

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17
Q

Give an example of a contralateral connection

A

left body controlled by right brain

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18
Q

What does auditory nerve make initial connection with

A

cochlear nucleus

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19
Q

What are the two nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus

A

Dorsal - responds to low freq.

Ventral - responds to high freq.

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20
Q

What is another name for nuclei of Lateral Lemnisucs

A

Upper Pontine

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21
Q

What is another name for Superior Olivary Complex

A

Mid Pontine Nuclei

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22
Q

Where does the nuclei of lateral lemniscus receive most of its contralateral fibers from

A

CN and SOC

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23
Q

What is another name for Inferior Colliculus (IC)

A

Mid-brain nuclei

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24
Q

What kind of center is the IC

A

Major Binaural Center

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25
Where does the IC receive most of its ipsi and contra fibers from
SOC and VNLL (ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus)
26
The IC connects with what through what tract
Medial geniculate body--brachium
27
Name the three nuclei of the Medial Geniculate Body
Dorsal, Ventral, Medial
28
What is another name for Medial Geniculate Body
Thalamic Nuclei
29
What is the VMGB(Ventral medial geniculate body) sensitive to
HF acoustic stimuli
30
What is auditory radiation
When auditory fibers from the MGB fan out to the auditory cortex
31
What is another name for the auditory cortex
Heschl's Gyrus
32
Where is the auditory cortex located
In the temporal lobe
33
What kind of fibers does the auditory cortex receive
Auditory radiation fibers
34
What are the three important cortical areas that the auditory fibers from the MGB radiate
Primary Auditory Area Association/Wernicke's Area/#22 Insula
35
What is included in the vasuclar anatomy
Brainstem and cortex
36
What portion of the brain makes up the ACA (Anterior cerebral artery)
Medial 3/4ths
37
What portion of the brain makes up the MCA (Middle Cerebral artery)
Lateral 3/4ths
38
What areas are included in the lateral 3/4ths of the brain
Heschl's gyrus, Insula and Parietal areas
39
Two types of Intracranial Tumors
Intrinsic/Intra-axial | Extrinsic/Extra-axial
40
Intrinsic/Intra-axial tumors located...
inside the brain tissue (glial cells)
41
Extrinsic/Extra-axial tumors located...
outside the brain tissue (meningeal layers and nerve roots) Ex: acoustinc schwannomas
42
What does ABR stand for
Auditory Brainstem responses
43
What is an ABR
an objective test for hearing assessment
44
When can an ABR be obtained
any age
45
What is needed to perform an ABR
Three electrodes -on top of head -behind each ear Clicks
46
What do the clicks of an ABR produce
- synchronous AP - clear ABR recording - information about he hearing status between 1000-4000Hz
47
Explain where each of the five major waves of an ABR come from
1&2-auditory nerve 3-cochlear nucleus 4-SOC 5-lateral lemniscus
48
What are the markers for an ABR waveform
latency and amplitude
49
what is latency of an ABR
Time of onset of each ABR waveform
50
Where does absolute latency occur for the 1,3,5 waveforms
between 60-70dBHL
51
What are the normal values for the 1,3,5 ABR waves
1st-2msec 3rd-4 msec 5th-6 msec
52
what are the normal relative interpeak latency values for the ABR waves
I-III, III-V: 2 msec | I-V: 4msec
53
Describe the results of an ABR if a cochlear lesion or conductive hearing loss occurs in the patient
absolute latencies are prolonged and abnormal | interpeak latencies are NORMAL
54
what are the results of an ABR if a neural lesion occurs in a patiente
absolute latencies are prolonged and abnormal | interpeak latencies are ABNORMAL
55
what does EOAE stand for
Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
56
what are EOAE's
low-level sounds produced in the cochlea to an evoking stimulus recorded from the external ear canal using a sensitive low noise microphone
57
what are the most common types of EOAE's
Transient Evoked OAEs | Distortion Product OAEs
58
What are TEOAEs obtained from
brief stimuli clicks tone burst
59
what are DPOAEs obtained from
pairs of puretones | cubic DP is most prominent and investigated
60
Clinical Applications of EOAEs
- screening for HI-newborns - Evaluating cochlear OHC function - monitoring changes in cochlear function - evaluation interaction between two ears - by stimulating the efferent system
61
What is another name for the efferent system
olivocochlear bundle
62
What does OCB stand for
Olivocochlear bundle
63
Describe the LOCB
20% uncrossed unmyelinated originates from LSO innervated by auditory nerve dendrite below IHC
64
Describe the MOCB
80% crossed myelinated originates from MSO innervated by base of OHC
65
What happens when the MOCB is stimulated
decreases in: - endolymphatic potential - hari-cell potential - discharge rates of afferent neurons
66
What happens when the LOCB is stimulated
- no change in endolymphatic or cochlear microphonic potential - decrease in discharge rate of afferent neurons
67
what is a noninvasive method to evaluate the OCB
EOAE's
68
What are the nonpathological variables affecting EOAEs
``` probe fit internal/external noise floor ear differences age gender suppression effects of the OCB ```
69
Average TEOAEs for Newborns
18-20dBSPL
70
Average TEOAEs for Males and Females
Male-8-13dBSPL | Female-10-15dBSPL
71
Suppression Effect of TEOAEs equation
TEOAE quiet-TEOAE noisy=suppression effect | 13dBSPL-10dBSPL=3dBSPL
72
normal level suppression effect=
normal functioning efferent system
73
below normal level suppression effect=
inefficient efferent system (difficulty hearing in noise)
74
what is presbycusis
difficulty hearing in noise due to aging
75
difficulty hearing in noise for children
auditory processing disorder
76
Audiometric Selection Criteria
- 20 dB HL or less - normal tymps - SD in quiet of 90% or more
77
negative history criteria
- ototoxic drug treatment - noise exposure - middle ear disease
78
What is the function of an ALD
to help with difficulty hearing in noise
79
what is an ALD
assistive listening device
80
three examples of an ALD
- personal pocket amplifier - personal FM auditory trainer - bluetooth streaming device streamed to hearing aid
81
Help hearing loss in noise besides ALD
- Counseling - Preferential seating - Reduce noise in background - Slow down rate of speech
82
Localization (Central Auditory Processing Skills)
ability to localize where sounds come from and turn head towards them
83
Speech understanding in noise (CAP skill)
ability to pay attention despite background noise
84
Auditory Closure (CAP skill)
filling in gaps when not heard
85
Auditory memory (CAP skill)
to remember things auditorally
86
Temporal aspects of speech (CAP skill)
Prosody-music | Intonation-monotone
87
Binaural integration (CAP skill)
auditory information comes in both sides
88
Binaural separation (CAP skill)
ability to separate auditory info in each ear and decide which to pay attention to
89
Following directions (CAP skill)
remember later instructions but not beginning ones
90
the dorsal portion of the lateral lemniscus responds to
low frequency sounds
91
the ventral portion of the lateral lemniscus responds to
high frequency sounds
92
superior olivary complex is responsible for
localization ABR WAVE IV stapedial reflex function
93
Neural fibers from medial geniculate body radiate to...
primary auditory area insula wierneckes area
94
which site of binaural interaction happens at the inferior colliculus
second site
95
what is the lateral surface of the brain supplied by
middle cerebral artery
96
why is the ABR an objective test
because the patient is passive and you have to interpret results
97
stimulation of the MOCB results in what
a decrease in the cochlearmicrophonic and summating potential
98
How do you overcome the Hz restriction in an ABR
using puretones to get specific frequency above and below 1000-4000Hz
99
where does ABR wave 5 originate from
lateral lemniscus
100
what is a useful metric that can be used clinically
latency of ABR
101
why would OAEs be absent in a patient
conductive hearing loss
102
why would newborns fail OAEs immediately after birth
fluid in the ear or earwax build up
103
what are EOAEs used for
hearing loss in infants evaluate cochlear and OHC function monitor changes in cochlear function over time
104
at what age is the suppression effect significantly lower
age 60+
105
what kind of patients benefit from ALDs
patients with CAPD (Central Auditory Processing Disorders)
106
what temporal aspects of speech are affected in patients with CAPD
prosidy intonation rhythm
107
what is needed to pass OAE screening
minimum 6dB higher than background noise
108
what results from a lesion in the primary auditory cortex
ABR normal
109
why are ABRs normal with a lesion in primary auditory cortex
ABR checks integrity of auditory pathways only up to lateral lemniscus

Hearing Science (4 decks)

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