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Hearing Science > Nikki and Joanna's Deck > Flashcards

Nikki and Joanna's Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is included in the peripheral auditory system?

A
  • outer ear to auditory nerve
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2
Q

What is included in the central auditory system?

A

-cochlear nucleus to auditory cortex

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3
Q

How many total nerve fibers are make up the auditory nerve?

A

50k

  • 30,000 hearing (cochlear)
  • 20,000 balance (vest)
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4
Q

Explain the two cores of the auditory nerve…

name the turns and their frequencies

A

Outer core- basal turn- high frequency

Inner core- apical turn- low frequency

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5
Q

Where does the auditory exit

A

IAM (Internal auditory meatus)

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6
Q

Where does the auditory nerve terminate?

A

The Ponto-medullary Junction (between the pons and medula)

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7
Q

What are the two nuclei of the cochlear nucleus?

A

Dorsal-ascending branch of auditory nerve terminates

Ventral-descending branch of auditory nerve terminates

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8
Q

What does the cochlear nucleus connect with

A

SOC (Superior Olivary Complex) and VNLL (Ventral Nucleus of Lateral Lemnisucs

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9
Q

What are the two primary nuclei of the Superior Olivary Complex

A

Medial Superior Olive (MSO) high

Lateral Superior Olive (LSO) low

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10
Q

What type of input does the SOC receive from the CN (cochlear nucleus)

A

ipsi (same side) and contra (opposite side)

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11
Q

SOC is the first site for what kind of interaction

A

Binaural

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12
Q

What is Binaural interaction

A

Processing information from both sides

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13
Q

What are two responsibilities of the SOC

A

Localization and Stapedial reflex function

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14
Q

What does ACSLIM stand for?

A 
A-Auditory Nerve
C-Cochlear Nucleus
S-Superior Olivary Complex
L-Lateral Lemniscus
I-Inferior Colliculus
M-Medial Geniculate Body
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15
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

same side

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16
Q

What does contralateral mean

A

opposite side

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17
Q

Give an example of a contralateral connection

A

left body controlled by right brain

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18
Q

What does auditory nerve make initial connection with

A

cochlear nucleus

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19
Q

What are the two nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus

A

Dorsal - responds to low freq.

Ventral - responds to high freq.

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20
Q

What is another name for nuclei of Lateral Lemnisucs

A

Upper Pontine

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21
Q

What is another name for Superior Olivary Complex

A

Mid Pontine Nuclei

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22
Q

Where does the nuclei of lateral lemniscus receive most of its contralateral fibers from

A

CN and SOC

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23
Q

What is another name for Inferior Colliculus (IC)

A

Mid-brain nuclei

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24
Q

What kind of center is the IC

A

Major Binaural Center

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25
Q

Where does the IC receive most of its ipsi and contra fibers from

A

SOC and VNLL (ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus)

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26
Q

The IC connects with what through what tract

A

Medial geniculate body–brachium

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27
Q

Name the three nuclei of the Medial Geniculate Body

A

Dorsal, Ventral, Medial

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28
Q

What is another name for Medial Geniculate Body

A

Thalamic Nuclei

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29
Q

What is the VMGB(Ventral medial geniculate body) sensitive to

A

HF acoustic stimuli

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30
Q

What is auditory radiation

A

When auditory fibers from the MGB fan out to the auditory cortex

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31
Q

What is another name for the auditory cortex

A

Heschl’s Gyrus

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32
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located

A

In the temporal lobe

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33
Q

What kind of fibers does the auditory cortex receive

A

Auditory radiation fibers

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34
Q

What are the three important cortical areas that the auditory fibers from the MGB radiate

A

Primary Auditory Area
Association/Wernicke’s Area/#22
Insula

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35
Q

What is included in the vasuclar anatomy

A

Brainstem and cortex

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36
Q

What portion of the brain makes up the ACA (Anterior cerebral artery)

A

Medial 3/4ths

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37
Q

What portion of the brain makes up the MCA (Middle Cerebral artery)

A

Lateral 3/4ths

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38
Q

What areas are included in the lateral 3/4ths of the brain

A

Heschl’s gyrus, Insula and Parietal areas

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39
Q

Two types of Intracranial Tumors

A

Intrinsic/Intra-axial

Extrinsic/Extra-axial

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40
Q

Intrinsic/Intra-axial tumors located…

A

inside the brain tissue (glial cells)

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41
Q

Extrinsic/Extra-axial tumors located…

A

outside the brain tissue (meningeal layers and nerve roots) Ex: acoustinc schwannomas

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42
Q

What does ABR stand for

A

Auditory Brainstem responses

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43
Q

What is an ABR

A

an objective test for hearing assessment

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44
Q

When can an ABR be obtained

A

any age

45
Q

What is needed to perform an ABR

A

Three electrodes
-on top of head
-behind each ear
Clicks

46
Q

What do the clicks of an ABR produce

A
  • synchronous AP
  • clear ABR recording
  • information about he hearing status between 1000-4000Hz
47
Q

Explain where each of the five major waves of an ABR come from

A

1&2-auditory nerve
3-cochlear nucleus
4-SOC
5-lateral lemniscus

48
Q

What are the markers for an ABR waveform

A

latency and amplitude

49
Q

what is latency of an ABR

A

Time of onset of each ABR waveform

50
Q

Where does absolute latency occur for the 1,3,5 waveforms

A

between 60-70dBHL

51
Q

What are the normal values for the 1,3,5 ABR waves

A

1st-2msec
3rd-4 msec
5th-6 msec

52
Q

what are the normal relative interpeak latency values for the ABR waves

A

I-III, III-V: 2 msec

I-V: 4msec

53
Q

Describe the results of an ABR if a cochlear lesion or conductive hearing loss occurs in the patient

A

absolute latencies are prolonged and abnormal

interpeak latencies are NORMAL

54
Q

what are the results of an ABR if a neural lesion occurs in a patiente

A

absolute latencies are prolonged and abnormal

interpeak latencies are ABNORMAL

55
Q

what does EOAE stand for

A

Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions

56
Q

what are EOAE’s

A

low-level sounds produced in the cochlea to an evoking stimulus
recorded from the external ear canal using a sensitive low noise microphone

57
Q

what are the most common types of EOAE’s

A

Transient Evoked OAEs

Distortion Product OAEs

58
Q

What are TEOAEs obtained from

A

brief stimuli
clicks
tone burst

59
Q

what are DPOAEs obtained from

A

pairs of puretones

cubic DP is most prominent and investigated

60
Q

Clinical Applications of EOAEs

A
  • screening for HI-newborns
  • Evaluating cochlear OHC function
  • monitoring changes in cochlear function
  • evaluation interaction between two ears
    • by stimulating the efferent system
61
Q

What is another name for the efferent system

A

olivocochlear bundle

62
Q

What does OCB stand for

A

Olivocochlear bundle

63
Q

Describe the LOCB

A

20% uncrossed
unmyelinated
originates from LSO
innervated by auditory nerve dendrite below IHC

64
Q

Describe the MOCB

A

80% crossed
myelinated
originates from MSO
innervated by base of OHC

65
Q

What happens when the MOCB is stimulated

A

decreases in:

  • endolymphatic potential
  • hari-cell potential
  • discharge rates of afferent neurons
66
Q

What happens when the LOCB is stimulated

A
  • no change in endolymphatic or cochlear microphonic potential
  • decrease in discharge rate of afferent neurons
67
Q

what is a noninvasive method to evaluate the OCB

A

EOAE’s

68
Q

What are the nonpathological variables affecting EOAEs

A 
probe fit
internal/external noise floor
ear differences
age
gender
suppression effects of the OCB
69
Q

Average TEOAEs for Newborns

A

18-20dBSPL

70
Q

Average TEOAEs for Males and Females

A

Male-8-13dBSPL

Female-10-15dBSPL

71
Q

Suppression Effect of TEOAEs equation

A

TEOAE quiet-TEOAE noisy=suppression effect

13dBSPL-10dBSPL=3dBSPL

72
Q

normal level suppression effect=

A

normal functioning efferent system

73
Q

below normal level suppression effect=

A

inefficient efferent system (difficulty hearing in noise)

74
Q

what is presbycusis

A

difficulty hearing in noise due to aging

75
Q

difficulty hearing in noise for children

A

auditory processing disorder

76
Q

Audiometric Selection Criteria

A
  • 20 dB HL or less
  • normal tymps
  • SD in quiet of 90% or more
77
Q

negative history criteria

A
  • ototoxic drug treatment
  • noise exposure
  • middle ear disease
78
Q

What is the function of an ALD

A

to help with difficulty hearing in noise

79
Q

what is an ALD

A

assistive listening device

80
Q

three examples of an ALD

A
  • personal pocket amplifier
  • personal FM auditory trainer
  • bluetooth streaming device streamed to hearing aid
81
Q

Help hearing loss in noise besides ALD

A
  • Counseling
  • Preferential seating
  • Reduce noise in background
  • Slow down rate of speech
82
Q

Localization (Central Auditory Processing Skills)

A

ability to localize where sounds come from and turn head towards them

83
Q

Speech understanding in noise (CAP skill)

A

ability to pay attention despite background noise

84
Q

Auditory Closure (CAP skill)

A

filling in gaps when not heard

85
Q

Auditory memory (CAP skill)

A

to remember things auditorally

86
Q

Temporal aspects of speech (CAP skill)

A

Prosody-music

Intonation-monotone

87
Q

Binaural integration (CAP skill)

A

auditory information comes in both sides

88
Q

Binaural separation (CAP skill)

A

ability to separate auditory info in each ear and decide which to pay attention to

89
Q

Following directions (CAP skill)

A

remember later instructions but not beginning ones

90
Q

the dorsal portion of the lateral lemniscus responds to

A

low frequency sounds

91
Q

the ventral portion of the lateral lemniscus responds to

A

high frequency sounds

92
Q

superior olivary complex is responsible for

A

localization
ABR WAVE IV
stapedial reflex function

93
Q

Neural fibers from medial geniculate body radiate to…

A

primary auditory area
insula
wierneckes area

94
Q

which site of binaural interaction happens at the inferior colliculus

A

second site

95
Q

what is the lateral surface of the brain supplied by

A

middle cerebral artery

96
Q

why is the ABR an objective test

A

because the patient is passive and you have to interpret results

97
Q

stimulation of the MOCB results in what

A

a decrease in the cochlearmicrophonic and summating potential

98
Q

How do you overcome the Hz restriction in an ABR

A

using puretones to get specific frequency above and below 1000-4000Hz

99
Q

where does ABR wave 5 originate from

A

lateral lemniscus

100
Q

what is a useful metric that can be used clinically

A

latency of ABR

101
Q

why would OAEs be absent in a patient

A

conductive hearing loss

102
Q

why would newborns fail OAEs immediately after birth

A

fluid in the ear or earwax build up

103
Q

what are EOAEs used for

A

hearing loss in infants
evaluate cochlear and OHC function
monitor changes in cochlear function over time

104
Q

at what age is the suppression effect significantly lower

A

age 60+

105
Q

what kind of patients benefit from ALDs

A

patients with CAPD (Central Auditory Processing Disorders)

106
Q

what temporal aspects of speech are affected in patients with CAPD

A

prosidy
intonation
rhythm

107
Q

what is needed to pass OAE screening

A

minimum 6dB higher than background noise

108
Q

what results from a lesion in the primary auditory cortex

A

ABR normal

109
Q

why are ABRs normal with a lesion in primary auditory cortex

A

ABR checks integrity of auditory pathways only up to lateral lemniscus

Hearing Science (4 decks)

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