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Paper 2 - Changing Economic World > Nigeria > Flashcards

Nigeria Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Nigeria?

A

In West Africa, bordering Benin, Niger, Chad & Cameroon.

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2
Q

How would you describe Nigeria’s climate?

A

Generally a tropical climate but climate is variable throughout the country (see Q89).

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3
Q

How is Nigeria important globally?

A

2016: 30th largest economy in the world. Supplies 2.7% of world’s oil. Lagos is a major global economic hub. 5th largest contributor to UN Peacekeeping missions.

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4
Q

How is Nigeria important within Africa?

A

Has the highest GNI & largest population in Africa. Exports cocoa, oil, rubber & oil to African countries. Has rich agricultural sector – 1/3 of all jobs in farming. Nollywood is second largest global film industry.

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5
Q

When did Nigeria gain its independence?

A

In 1960.

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6
Q

What is Nigeria’s political context?

A

Was a British colony – resources & people exploited. 1960 independence followed by civil war (1967-70). Recent improvements: 2011 & 2015 elections considered democratic.

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7
Q

What is Nigeria’s social context?

A

Christianity, Islam & traditional religions practised. Diversity has caused conflict i.e. Biafran Civil War. Rise of Boko Haram (extremist group) = tensions, safety concerns & lack of foreign investment.

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8
Q

What is Nigeria’s cultural context?

A

Fela Kuti considered the pioneer of Afrobeats. Well-known authors e.g. Wole Soyinka, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Nigeria won the African Cup of Nations in 2013.

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9
Q

What is Nigeria’s environmental context?

A

South: tropical grassland. Cattle grazed; millet grown. Centre: upland areas e.g. Jos Plateau. Wetter & cooler than surrounding grasslands. Woodland & farmland. Temperatures & annual rainfall highest in the south.

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10
Q

Define ‘civil war’.

A

A war fought between different groups of people who live in the same country.

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11
Q

How has Nigeria’s industrial structure changed?

A

Previously dependent on primary, agricultural products e.g. cocoa & palm oil. Economy now becoming more balanced.

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12
Q

When was oil discovered in the Niger Delta?

A

In the 1950s.

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13
Q

What % of Nigeria’s export income does oil account for?

A

98%.

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14
Q

Why has Nigeria’s primary sector declined?

A

Increased use of machinery. More desirable jobs in other sectors. 1999: 70% employed in agriculture. 2012: fell to 40%. Oil extraction = large proportion of economy.

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15
Q

Why has Nigeria’s secondary sector increased?

A

Industrialisation = jobs in construction & pharmaceuticals. Manufacturing = 10% of Nigeria’s GDP. Manufactures processed foods, soaps & textiles.

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16
Q

What is happening to Nigeria’s tertiary sector?

A

Growing. More people with jobs in retail, finances & communications.

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17
Q

What is happening to Nigeria’s quaternary sector?

A

IT (Information Technology) sector is growing. Likely to overtake oil in future.

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18
Q

Why has Nigeria’s economy changed?

A

More English speakers = jobs in telecommunications. Stable government encourages foreign investment. Rapid advances in technology. Investment in science & technology training.

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19
Q

What has been the impact of Nigeria’s changing economy?

A

Secure paid work = more disposable income = more spending on Nigerian-produced goods. More taxes paid to government = investment. Chemical by-products from oil = new industries.

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20
Q

Which new industries have arisen as a result of oil by-products?

A

Production of soaps, detergents & plastics.

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21
Q

What is a TNC (Trans National Corporation)?

A

A large company that operates in several countries. HQ tends to be in one country; production in several others.

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22
Q

Approximately how many TNCs operate in Nigeria?

A
  1. E.g. KFC, Unilever, Shell.
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23
Q

What are the general benefits of TNCs?

A

Provide jobs, allow locals to develop new skills. TNCs improve infrastructure so raw materials can be transported. Better infrastructure benefits locals. More money spent in host country’s economy.

24
Q

What are the general disadvantages of TNCs?

A

Workers may be poorly paid. Working conditions can be dangerous if no laws. Higher paid jobs not usually given to locals. Most profits sent back to HQ country.

25
Q

Why does Shell Oil operate in Nigeria?

A

Oil was discovered in the Niger Delta in 1958.

26
Q

Why has Shell had to invest a lot of money in its oil business in Nigeria?

A

Oil in Niger Delta difficult to extract. Lots of money invested in expertise & technology.

27
Q

What have been the advantages of Shell Oil in Nigeria?

A

Pays a lot of taxes to Nigeria’s government. Directly employs 65,000 people. Indirectly employs a further 200,000 people.

28
Q

What has been the negatives of Shell Oil in Nigeria?

A

Boko Haram disrupts oil flow. Oil theft costs TNCs & government billions yearly. Catastrophic oil spills have led to water pollution & soil degradation = reduced crop & fish yields.

29
Q

How many barrels of crude oil are spilled in the Niger Delta every year?

A

Approximately 240,000.

30
Q

When did the Bodo oil spills occur?

A

In 2008 & 2009.

31
Q

How have Nigeria’s political links changed?

A

Used to be British colony – links with Empire. Now, member of British Commonwealth – equal status with other countries, including UK. Leading member of African political/economic groups.

32
Q

How many peacekeepers did Nigeria contribute to the UN’s mission in Liberia?

A

20,000 between 2003 and 2018

33
Q

What is OPEC?

A

A group that aims to stabilise oil prices & ensure regular supply. Nigeria is a member.

34
Q

What is the African Union?

A

An economic planning & peacekeeping group. Nigeria works with Chad, Benin & Cameroon to coordinate soldiers.

35
Q

What are Nigeria’s main exports?

A

Crude & refined petroleum. Natural gas. Rubber. Cocoa.

36
Q

What are Nigeria’s main imports?

A

Refined petroleum (from EU & USA). Cars (from Brazil & USA). Telephones (from China). Rice.

37
Q

What is the significance of imported telephones?

A

One of the fastest-growing imports. In demand due to emerging middle class in Nigeria. Nigeria is 7th in the world for number of mobile phones used.

38
Q

Why is Nigeria’s oil described as ‘sweet oil’?

A

Higher quality than Middle East oil & suitable for refining into gasoline.

39
Q

How have Nigeria’s oil customers changed?

A

USA was biggest oil customer until 2013. India now Nigeria’s biggest oil customer. Exports of oil to China, Japan, India & S Korea increased by 40% in 2013-14.

40
Q

How has oil affected agricultural exports?

A

Reduced importance of agricultural products. 40% of people still employed in farming. Australia & Indonesia are biggest cotton customers.

41
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Food, water, medical supplies, shelter & money given to a country following a natural disaster, war or conflict.

42
Q

What is developmental aid?

A

Long-term support given by charities & governments with the aim of improving quality of life.

43
Q

Why does Nigeria receive international aid?

A

Many in Nigeria are poor & lack access to safe water and reliable electricity supply. Life expectancy is low – 54 years. 100 million people live on less than £0.79 per day.

44
Q

How much aid does Nigeria receive?

A

4% of all aid given to African countries. 2013: aid represented 0.5% of Nigeria’s GNI.

45
Q

Where does aid given to Nigeria come from?

A

Individual countries e.g. USA, UK. International organisations e.g. World Bank.NGOs and charities.

46
Q

What is the impact of aid in Nigeria?

A

Nets4Life distributes anti-mosquito nets to families. 2014 – World Bank approved $500 million for long-term loans to Nigerian businesses = reduce reliance on oil exports.

47
Q

What prevents aid from being used effectively?

A

Corruption, especially when aid is not delivered directly to communities. James Ibori, former Delta state governor, was jailed for 13 years in 2012 for diverting $250 million.

48
Q

How has ActionAid provided support to Nigerian people?

A

Work with parents, teachers & religious leaders to challenge attitudes around girls’ education. Built separate girls toilets in schools so they don’t have to miss school when on their periods.

49
Q

How has industrial growth impacted the environment?

A

Fast, unregulated growth of industries = harmful pollutants dumped in open drains & water channels. 70-80% of forests destroyed through logging, agriculture & road building.

50
Q

How has urban growth impacted the environment?

A

Growth of squatter settlements = waste disposal, traffic congestion & resulting pollution issues. Green belts & recreational areas have been converted into building & industrial sites.

51
Q

How have commercial farming and deforestation impacted the environment?

A

Inappropriate land practices = degradation & erosion. Habitats destroyed due to road building. Nearly 500 types of plant disappeared due to deforestation.

52
Q

How have mining & oil extraction impacted the environment?

A

Tin mining = soil erosion. Water supplies polluted with toxic chemicals. Oil spills cause fires, release CO2 into atmosphere & kill wildlife.

53
Q

Has Nigeria’s quality of life improved?

A

Yes: HDI has steadily increased since 2005. HDI increased by 14.4% from 2005 to 2018.

54
Q

Has everybody’s quality of life improved?

A

No: 60% of population still live in poverty. Many lack access to sanitation & clean water. Oil wealth has not been used effectively (corruption).

55
Q

How can Nigeria ensure quality of life continues to improve?

A

Ensure political stability encourages investment. Improve relationships between Yoruba & Igbo people. Reduce risk from extremist groups like Boko Haram. Sort environmental issues e.g. clean-up of oil spills.

Paper 2 - Changing Economic World (3 decks)

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