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Paper 2 - Changing Economic World > Intro to Changing economic world > Flashcards

Intro to Changing economic world Flashcards

1
Q

How can countries’ development be classified?

A

Brandt Line. World Bank. Human Development Index (HDI).

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2
Q

How does the Brandt Line classify countries?

A

Imaginary line separating ‘rich north’ and ‘poor south’ of the world. Too simplistic.

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3
Q

How does the World Bank classify countries?

A

Using GNI per capita to group countries into: HICs, MICs and LICs

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4
Q

How does the Human Development Index (HDI) classify countries?

A

Gives countries a HDI score from 0 to 1. More developed countries are closer to 1. Uses social and economic measures.

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5
Q

What are the limitations of the ways we classify countries’ development?

A

Some countries develop different measures at different rates e.g. Zimbabwe is LIC but literacy rate is 84%. Development can differ within countries.

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6
Q

Identify 2 social indicators of development.

A

Literacy rate. Life expectancy. (There are many others).

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7
Q

Identify 2 economic indicators of development.

A

GNI per capita. Unemployment rate.

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8
Q

What is access to safe water?

A

Definition: % of people who can access safe, clean water. Indicates: if high = high development as good infrastructure & sanitation.

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9
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Definition: number of babies born per year per 1000 of pop. Indicates: if high = low development (poor access to contraception, need for replacement children). But: can be changed by pop. policies e.g. 1CP (China).

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10
Q

What is death rate?

A

Definition: number of deaths per year per 1000 of pop. Indicates: if low = high development (good healthcare, high standard of living). But: developed countries have ageing pop = high DR.

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11
Q

What is Gross National Income (GNI) per capita?

A

Definition: value of country’s goods & services divided by number of people living in country. Indicates: if high = high economic development. But: is an average, doesn’t consider social measures.

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12
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

Definition: number of babies who die before age of 1, per 1000 live births. Indicates: if high = low development (poor healthcare, maternity care lacking, poor nutrition).

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13
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Definition: average age a person can expect to live to. Indicates: if high = high development (good healthcare, good nutrition, access to clean water). But: can be skewed by war & famine.

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14
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

Definition: % of people who can read and write. Indicates: if high = education widely available and high quality. But: doesn’t consider importance of skills e.g. farming.

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15
Q

What is Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

Definition: measure of life expectancy, income & education. Indicates: if high = high development. Considers both standard of living and quality of life.

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16
Q

Define ‘standard of living’.

A

Level of wealth & material goods available to a person.

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17
Q

Define ‘quality of life’.

A

Level of happiness, safety, freedom & satisfaction with life.

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18
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A

A model which shows how a country’s population changes over time.

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19
Q

What affects population of a country over time?

A

Natural change – difference between births & deaths. Migration – difference between immigration & emigration.

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20
Q

Describe and explain DTM Stage 1.

A

Birth rate and death rate both very high and fluctuating. Birth rate: high – lack of contraception, replacement children. Death rate: high – famine, war, disease. E.g. – traditional rainforest tribes (Malaysia, Brazil).

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21
Q

Describe and explain DTM Stage 2.

A

Birth rate stays high. Death rate drops dramatically. BIRTH RATE high – lack of contraception, replacement children. DEATH RATE drops – advances in medicine. E.g. – Afghanistan. BIRTH RATE 32/1000; DEATH RATE 6/1000.

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22
Q

Describe and explain DTM Stage 3.

A

Birth rate drops dramatically. Death rate steadily falling. BIRTH RATE drops – improved status of women, education. DEATH RATE still falling – advances in medicine. E.g. – Nigeria.

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23
Q

Describe and explain DTM Stage 4.

A

Birth rate and death rate both low and fluctuating. BIRTH RATE low – improved status of women. DEATH RATE low – good quality healthcare, vaccinations. E.g. – USA.

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24
Q

Describe and explain DTM Stage 5.

A

Birth rate and death rate both low. Deaths overtake births. BIRTH RATE low – improved status of women. DEATH RATE higher – ageing population, very good healthcare. E.g. – Germany. BIRTH RATE 9.5/1000; DEATH RATE 11.5/1000.

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25
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

A graph which shows how a population is structured.

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26
Q

Who are the young dependents?

A

0-15 year olds.

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27
Q

Who are the economically active?

A

16-64 year olds.

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28
Q

Who are the elderly dependents?

A

65-100+ year olds.

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29
Q

What can population pyramid shape tell us?

A

Wide base = high BR, lots of young people. Narrow base = low BR. Wide apex = high life expectancy, ageing population. Narrow apex = high DR, low life expectancy

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30
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

Number of dependents divided by number of economically active, multiplied by 100.

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31
Q

What does the dependency ratio tell us?

A

Low number = more economically active to support dependent population, and vice versa.

32
Q

Which stages of the DTM have a more concave shaped pyramid?

A

Stages 1 & 2.

33
Q

Which stages of the DTM have a more convex shaped pyramid?

A

Stage 5 (and late Stage 4).

34
Q

Identify the physical causes of uneven development.

A

Being landlocked. Tropical climates. Extreme weather. Inadequate supplies of clean water.

35
Q

How can being landlocked affect development?

A

Landlocked countries don’t have direct access to sea = no sea trade (unless have good relationships with neighbouring countries with a coastline). Examples: Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Austria, Ethiopia.

36
Q

How can tropical climates affect development?

A

More climate-related diseases e.g. malaria = unhealthy, unproductive, inefficient workforce.

37
Q

How can extreme weather affect development?

A

Floods, droughts & tropical storms destroy infrastructure that is vital for trade & business operations. Expensive to repair.

38
Q

How can inadequate supplies of water affect development?

A

Result in unhealthy, unproductive, inefficient workforce. Limits development of commercial farming as lack of clean water for irrigation.

39
Q

Identify the historical causes of uneven development.

A

Colonialism.

40
Q

How can colonialism affect development?

A

Stealing natural resources. Leaves ex-colonies dependent on single export. Enslavement of people for labour. Civil wars & corruption after independence.

41
Q

Identify the economic causes of uneven development.

A

Trade

42
Q

How can trade affect development?

A

HICs have a lot of power. They want to pay as little as possible for raw materials which come from LICs. Processing raw materials (adding value) happens in HICs, as LICs don’t have the infrastructure.

43
Q

How can trade affect development?

A

Zambia – copper accounts for 60% of export value. Copper prices fluctuated since 2000 = economy vulnerable.

44
Q

Identify the consequences of uneven development.

A

Migration. Imbalances in wealth. Imbalances in health.

45
Q

How is migration a consequence of uneven development?

A

People flee war e.g. thousands of Syrian refugees have fled Syria since 2011 and travelled to camps in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Some die trying to cross the Mediterranean.

46
Q

How is migration a consequence of uneven development?

A

People migrate for economic opportunities e.g. 1.5 million Polish migrants moved to UK since 2004 as unemployment rate in Poland was 10%.

47
Q

How are imbalances in wealth a consequence of uneven development?

A

There are differences in wealth within countries. Not everybody benefits from development.

48
Q

How are imbalances in health a consequence of uneven development?

A

LICs tend to invest less money in healthcare. In the least wealthy countries, healthcare can be patchy.

49
Q

What are the main causes of death in LICs?

A

Childbirth complications is a main cause of death in <5s. Infectious diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, diarrhoea.

50
Q

What % of all malaria-related in 2018 occurred in African countries?

A

94%.

51
Q

What % of all malaria-related deaths in 2018 occurred in under 5s?

A

67%.

52
Q

What are the main causes of death in HICs?

A

Chronic diseases e.g. heart & lung disease, cancer, diabetes, dementia. Very few infectious diseases cause death due to widespread vaccination programmes.

53
Q

What % of deaths in HICs occur in people aged 70+?

A

70%.

54
Q

What % of deaths in HICs occur in children under the age of 15?

A

1%.

55
Q

What is aid?

A

Resources or money that a country or charity gives to a country.

56
Q

How can aid reduce the development gap?

A

Allows countries to build better infrastructure e.g. electricity grid, better roads, hospitals. Can be bad for development if aid has to be paid back. Goat Aid (Oxfam) gives a goat to families in Malawi.

57
Q

What is debt relief?

A

Cancelling debt (money owed by a country).

58
Q

How can debt relief reduce the development gap?

A

Countries can spend income improving infrastructure instead of paying off debts. But corrupt governments may keep money instead of using it to help the poor.

59
Q

What is Fairtrade?

A

An organisation which ensures LIC farmers are paid fairly for their crops.

60
Q

How can Fairtrade reduce the development gap?

A

Improves farmers’ QOL and SOL. Some money from Fairtrade is used to support wider community. But, farmers can’t afford to join the scheme.

61
Q

What is industrial development?

A

Investing money in building factories & power plants to develop secondary industry.

62
Q

How can industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

Provides jobs = taxes = improved public services. Allows raw materials to be processed, adding value, increasing export value.

63
Q

How has industrial development benefitted Malaysia?

A

Used industrial development to rapidly strengthen its economy. Wealth has increased rapidly since 1970s. Now one of the richest countries in southeast Asia.

64
Q

What is investment?

A

When one country spends money and opens branches of its businesses in another country.

65
Q

How can investment reduce the development gap?

A

New jobs created and infrastructure improved. Over 2000 Chinese companies have invested billions of dollars in African countries, improving infrastructure. But, concerns about exploitation.

66
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Technology that: Is simple to use and affordable; Allows locals to develop businesses/earn money; Involves communities.

67
Q

How can intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

A

Water pumps can prevent people getting diseases. Farming machinery can enable people to earn a living. Ethiopia – small dam built near village of Adis Nifas. Each family given irrigated land with fruit trees.

68
Q

What are microfinance loans?

A

Money borrowed to a person with a low income.

69
Q

How can microfinance loans reduce the development gap?

A

Help families set up businesses = more jobs = wages increase. Grameen Bank, Bangladesh loaned money for mobile phones for women.

70
Q

What is tourism?

A

Activities related to visiting places for leisure.

71
Q

How can tourism reduce the development gap?

A

Tourists spend money in restaurants so GNI increases and more money available to invest in healthcare. Infrastructure is improved, benefitting locals.

72
Q

Where is Jamaica?

A

In the Caribbean, located in the north-western Caribbean Sea.

73
Q

Why is Jamaica a popular tourist destination?

A

Beautiful beaches. Warm, sunny climate. Rich cultural heritage. Good international air and sea links.

74
Q

How has tourism impacted Jamaica’s economy?

A

2018: contributed $3.3 billion to Jamaica’s economy. Provides 200,000 direct & indirect jobs. Investment in infrastructure e.g. new ports & hotels built in Trelawney.

75
Q

Disadvantages of tourism in Jamaica?

A

Some parts of the island remain isolated. Poverty near to wealthy areas like Montego Bay. Environmental issues e.g. footpath erosion, pollution.

76
Q

How has Jamaica responded to the environmental challenges of tourism?

A

By capitalising on ecotourism e.g. established The Negril Marine Nature Park.

Paper 2 - Changing Economic World (3 decks)

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