NICU Flashcards
What does NIPT test for and when can you do it?
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT)
¤ NOT for ONTDs, only aneuploidies (T21/18/13) and sex chromosome abnormalities
¤ Available after 10 weeks GA
¤ Measures cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood (“liquid” placental sample)
¤ Considered a screening test only, results must be confirmed by invasive testing
What does chorionic villus sampling test for and when can you do it?
Chorionic villous sampling
¤ Earliest prenatal diagnostic technique (10-13
weeks)
¤ Biopsy of chorionic villi for chromosomal analysis
¤ Cannot assess for ONTDs
¤ Higher rate of fetal loss, risk of infection,
PROM, limb anomalies
What does amniocentesis test for and when can you do it?
Amniocentesis
¤ Typically performed at 15-20 weeks
¤ Aspiration of amniotic fluid forchromosomal analysis +AFP levels + acetylcholinesterase
¤ Canalso be used to assess fetal lung maturity (L:Sratio > 2), measure bilirubin, TORCH infections
What does decreased FHR variability mean on the prenatal tracing?
decreased cerebral oxygenation
What are some common causes of fetal tachycardia?
¤Fever (maternal) ¤ Arrhythmia ¤ Thyrotoxicosis ¤Infection (chorioamnionitis) ¤Medications (e.g. beta-agonists, parasympathetic blockers) ¤ Anemia ¤Hypoxia/Fetal distress
̈ A sinusoidal FHR tracing = anemia until proven otherwise!
List some neonatal effects of a mom who smokes during pregnancy
- Growth restriction
- Preterm labour and delivery
- Premature ROM
- Placental abruption
What are some post natal effects of cigarette smoking?
- SIDS
- No convincing evidence that nicotine exposure associated with neonatal withdrawal syndrome
What is the definition of FASD?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
¤ Leading known cause of preventable developmental disability
¤ Describes FAS, partial FAS, and “neurobehavioural disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure” (ND-PAE)
What are the postnatal complications of alcohol use in pregnancy?
¤ Exposure in 1st trimester associated with facial anomalies and major structural anomalies
¤ Exposure in 2nd trimester increases risk of spontaneous abortion
¤ Exposure in 3rd trimester predominantly affects weight, length, and brain growth
̈ However, neurobehavioral effects may occur with a range of exposures throughout gestation, even in the absence of facial or structural brain anomalies.
List some facial features of FASD?
small palpebral fissure smooth philtrum thin upper lip microcephaly low nasal bridge epicentral folds minor ear abnormalities micrognathia
How long does an infant with a mom who had SSRI use during pregnancy need to be observed?
48 hours
What neonatal and post natal effects are seen if mom uses cocaine?
Cocaine
¤Use during pregnancy linked with spontaneous abortion, fetaldemise, placental abruption, prematurity and IUGR
Neonatal effects
¤Neurobehavioural abnormalities (tremors, high-pitched cry, irritability, hyper-alertness, episodes of apnea/tachypnea)
¤Usually present by 48-72 hours
¤Abnormal auditory brainstem responses and transient abnormal EEG changes
What are some symptoms of NAS?
Opioids
¤ High pitched cry/irritability
¤ Sleep and wake disturbances
¤ Alterations in tone or movement (eg: hyperactive primitive reflexes, hypertonicity, and tremors with resultant skin excoriation)
¤ Feeding difficulties
¤ Gastrointestinal disturbances (eg: vomiting and loose stools)
¤ Autonomic dysfunction (sweating, sneezing, mottling, fever, nasal stuffiness, and yawning)
¤ Failure to thrive
When does NAS present?
̈ Timing of symptoms depends on half life of opioid being used (e.g. delayed onset of NAS due to longer half life of methadone (5 days)
̈ Breast-feeding is generally supported with some exceptions
How do we treat NAS?
̈ Pharmacological therapy (morphine, phenobarbital, clonidine) may be required if high NAS scores
despite comfort care measures
̈ NOTE: Never give naloxone in mother with chronic opioid use
Describe the syndrome seen with fetal dilantin exposure?
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Facial: cleft lip/palate, short nose, depressed bridge, mild hypertelorism
Extremities: digit and nail hypoplasia
Other: IUGR
Describe some findings if mom was using lithium during pregnancy?
Lithium
Ebstein anomaly
Fetal goitre, hypotonia, arrhythmia,seizures, diabetes insipidus, preterm birth
Describe some symptoms of in utero phenobarbital exposure
Phenobarbital
¤ Cleft lip/palate
¤ Cardiac anomalies
¤ Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
What are some findings from in utero VPA exposure
Valproic Acid
¤ Neural tube defects
¤ Face narrow bi-frontal diameter, telecanthus, anteverted nostrils ¤ Cardiac defects, Long thin fingers/toes
In utero warfarin exposure causes what in the baby?
Warfarin
¤ Nasal hypoplasia
depressed bridge
Stippled bone epiphyses
Neonatal effects of pregnancy induced hypertension
Neonatal Effects
Increased risk of mortality, IUGR, RDS (mixed evidence), BPD, Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia, NEC, behavioural problems, adult-onset cardiovascular disease
What is hydrops fetalis?
Abnormal fluid accumulation in ≥2 fetal compartments ¤Skin thickening ¤Fetal ascites ¤Pleural effusion ¤Pericardial effusion
Causes of Hydrops?
Etiologies
¤ Immune: due to Rh(D) incompatibility (uncommon)
¤ Non-immune
- Hematological (Feto-maternal hemorrhage, thalassemia, RBC enzyme deficiencies/membrane defects, TTTS)
- Cardiac (Congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia)
- Vascular malformation (AVM, lymphatic obstruction (congenital chylothorax,cystic hygroma)
- Infection (TORCH, Parvovirus B19, congenital syphilis)
- Genetic (Aneuploidies, Turner syndrome, Noonan syndrome)
- Metabolic (Lysosomal storage disorders, Glycogen storage diseases)
- Pulmonary (CCAM, pulmonary sequestration)
Fetal side effects to maternal diabetes?
Fetal and Neonatal effects
¤ Still birth, polyhydramnios, preterm delivery
¤ LGA, birth trauma (may be SGA if significant vascular disease) ¤Transient hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
¤ Respiratory distress syndrome
¤ Congenital heart disease
¤ Polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia
¤ Early neonatal hypocalcemia
¤ Caudal regression, hydrocephalus, NTDs, situs inversus, small left colon syndrome, renal anomalies
What symptoms may a baby have if mom has lupus?
Mostly present if she’s anti ro or anti la positive
Signs and symptoms:
¤ Cutaneous rash (may or may not be present at birth)
- Discoid-type rash (Disappears (generally without scarring) by 4 months age)
¤ Cardiac (heart block, cardiomyopathies)
-The only permanent sequelae
¤ Hepatobiliary (transaminitis)
¤ Hematological (anemia, thrombocytopenia)
Most common etiology of IUGR *but not SGA
placental insufficiency in large stature parents
Definition of IUGR
IUGR – rate of growth less than fetus’ genetic potential
Definition of SGA
SGA – fetus weight lower than standard population
Most common etiology if baby SGA but not IUGR
baby of small parents
List some neonatal effects of SGA/IUGR?
Neonatal effects ¤ Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia hypocalcemia depressed immune function hypothermia risk of perinatal asphyxia polycythemia (with concomitant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia)
In discussion with the parents, what are some reasons to not resuscitate a fetus?
“GA, BW or congenital anomalies associated with almost certain early death and an unacceptably high morbidity … among rare survivors”
¤ Appropriate for:
- Confirmed GA <23 wks, BW <400 grams, anencephaly
- Confirmed trisomy 13 & 18
Which children MUST you resuscitate
¤ High rate of survival and “acceptable” morbidity
¤ e.g. GA ≥25 wk or most congenital malformations
When can you stop resuscitation?
In newly born baby with no detectable HR, consider stopping after 10 minutes if no HR remains undetectable
Factors that lead to a favourable outcome with prem deliveries
Factors beside GA that are favourable: ¤ Female sex ¤ Antenatal steroids ¤ Appropriate EFW ¤ Singleton pregnancy
Rate of PPV in NRP
PPV at 40-60 bpm
Ratio of PPV and chest compressions in NRP
Chest compression: PPV breath ratio = 3:1
What are oxygen saturation targets for 1, 3, 5 mons of age
Oxygen saturation targets (1 min: 60-65%, 3 min 70-75%, 5 min 80-85%)
FiO2 for resus for infants >35 weeks?
For babies born >35 weeks, best to initiate resuscitation at 21%
FiO2 for resus for infants <35 weeks?
¤For < 35 weeks, start between 21-30% if blended O2 available and titrate to achieve recommended target saturations
Most sensitive sign for effective resuscitation?
¤Prompt increase in HRis most sensitive indicator of efficacy of resuscitation
Risk factor for birth injuries/trauma to baby
Risk factors: ¤ Macrosomia ¤Maternal obesity ¤Abnormal fetal presentation ¤Operative vaginal delivery (Vacuum/Forceps) ¤Cesarean delivery
Brachial Plexus is supplied by which nerves?
Brachial plexus supplied by C5-T1
How many children have residual brachial plexus injuries?
20-30% with residual deficits, especially if incomplete recovery by 3-4 weeks
Management of Brachial Plexus injury
Careful monitoring for clinical recovery of function
̈ If no recovery by 3 months do MRI at 4 months
̈ EMG not helpful (false positive & negative)
̈ If poor recovery by 4 months, surgery at 6-9 months (before 9 months) due to concerns re: muscle atrophy
FOr HIE what GA and how many hours old do they have to be to start cooling?
Therapeutic hypothermia (33-34 °C x 72 hours, start by age 6 hours, must be 36 weeks or greater GA)
Who qualifies for cooling for HIE?
36 WGA or greater. Before 6 hours of life.
Any TWO of the following:
• APGAR score < 5 at 10 min
• Continued need for ventilation and resuscitation at 10 min of age
• Metabolic acidosis (pH < 7 or BD > 16 in cord or ABG within 1 hour
AND
Moderate or Severe encephalopathy (see SARNAT Scoring Table: seizures or 3/6 categories positive)
What are indications to stop cooling early (before 72 Horus)
uncontrollable bleeding
uncontrollable PPHN
What are some complications associated with HIE?
Resp: PPHN, secondary surfactant deficiency
• Cardiac: myocardial ischemia, valve insufficiency
• Renal: oliguria, acute tubular necrosis (hematuria), fluid overload
• Heme: DIC, low platelets
• Metabolic: hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia
• GI: NEC
• Neurodevelopmental disability:
• Mild: usually no deficits
• Moderate: 30-50%
• Severe: 80%
When do most IVH occur?
first 72 hours of life (80%)
What preventative measures can decrease IVH?
- Antenatal steroids
* Delayed cord clamping
Most common cause of spastic diplegia in children?
PVL
Most common cause of hemiplegia CP?
stroke
Most common cause of athetoid/dyskinetic CP?
kernicterus
Babe with cleft, harsh systolic murmur is seizing…what do you do?
Calcium infusion
Vit D
This baby has digeorge
Diagnostic work up for neonatal seizure
- Diagnostic work-up • Neuroimaging
- EEG
- Infection workup
- Metabolic workup
Treatment for neonatal seizure?
- Treatment
- Treat underlying etiology (e.g. infection) if known
- Limited evidence:
- Lorazepam
- Phenobarbital
What does this baby have? Hypotonia, poor feeding and cryptocordism?
Prader Willi
Mom on carbamazepine, what is one fetal complication?
NTD
Neural tube defect Risk factors
- Neural tube defect risk factors
- Lack of maternal folate
- Diabetes
- Medications (e.g. VPA, carbamazepine)
What are some External signs of spinal dysraphisms
- Dimple
- Sinus tract
- Hemangiomas/Lipomas
- Hair tuft
Complications in childhood of open NTD
urinary incontinence UTI constipation/diarrhea ID Leg impairment Hydrocephalus
Causes of craniosynostosis
Conditions to consider: • Hypophosphatemia • Rickets • Syndrome(Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert, Carpenter’s)
How to treat positional plagiocephaly
(ear moved forward on flat side)
̈ Lying on each side in the supine position = used for moderate.
̈ Important maneuvers involve positioning for sleep and use of tummy time / alternate sides to bed.
¤Tummy time, 2-3/day x 10-15min ̈ Alternate head of crib
̈ Most will go away on their own
What causes hydrocephalus and has adducted thumbs?
Aqueductalstenosis
• X-linked with adducted thumbs
• Auto recessive associated with VACTERL
What is a vein of Galen malformation and how does it present?
Large intracranial arteriovenous fistulas most often occur in newborn infants
Presentation:
̈ Hydrocephalus: can expand to become large and, because of its midline position, obstruct the flow of CSF
̈ The large intracranial left-to-right shunt results in heart failure secondary to the demand for high cardiac output. Patients with smaller communications may not have cardiovascular manifestations but may later be disposed to hydrocephalus or seizure disorders
̈ DX: A cranial bruit is audible
Centrally mediated facial nerve palsy will present how?
Centrally mediated facial nerve palsy: only lower 2/3 face involved; forehead sparing
Peripherally mediated facial nerve palsy will present how?
Whole side of face, including eye, will be involved
Congenital absence of depressor angularis oris muscle presents how?
causes facial asymmetry, especially when infant cries
associated with congenital anomalies involving cardiac issues.
How does Mobius Syndrome present?
Möbius syndrome can have bilateral (or unilateral) facial palsies (most have complete facial palsies)
- inability to move the eyes from side to side.
- Limb and chest wall abnormalities sometimes occur with the syndrome.
- normal intelligence
– symmetric calcified infarcts of pons/medulla
Risk Factors for Meconium stained fluid?
- Advanced GA (post-maturity)
- Acute/Chronic in-utero hypoxic insult
- Small for gestational age
- Vaginal breech delivery
Risk for MAS if MSAF?
Thick MSAF NRFHR tracing Low APGAR score at 5 min Instrumental delivery Emergency C/S Planned home delivery
What is the mechanism of lung injury in MAS?
What are mechanisms of lung injury in MAS?
- Mechanical obstruction of airways (partial vs. complete)
- Chemical pneumonitis and inflammation
- Infection
- Inactivation & decreased endogenous production of surfactant
- Ventilation-perfusion mismatch- pulmonary vasoconstriction/PPHN
What are the CXR findings for MAS?
- Diffuse or local linear or patchy infiltrates
- Consolidation or atelectasis
- Hyperaeration with or without air leaks
Any special management for MAS?
• NRP 7th edition: No AUTOMATIC tracheal suction with non- vigorous infant
• Supplemental oxygen as required
• Target pre-ductal saturations
• CPAP support as required
• Patient (often term/post-term) may be uncomfortable
• Mechanical ventilation support and call your local tertiary care
centre
• Surfactant: if on >50% FiO2 (CPS)
CXR findings for RDS?
Typical Radiographic Features:
Low FRC
Diffuse reticulogranular appearance
Air bronchograms
Risk factors for RDS
- Low Gestational Age (including late preterm)
- Low birth weight
- Male gender
- Elective delivery in absence of labour
- Maternal diabetes
- Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia
What can be done to prevent and treat RDS?
Antenatal corticosteroids (recommended for GA 24-34 weeks) • Ventilation support as needed • Surfactant replacement (Selective administration of surfactant to infants requiring intubation is now the preferred alternative to prophylactic surfactant)
What complications does sufactant help decrease?
- Decreases risk of:
- Neonatal mortality
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Who qualifies for surfactant?
Preterm
• Intubated patients with RDS
• Consider prophylactic if outborn & <29 weeks
• Preterms on non-invasive with CPAP with FiO2 >50%
How often can you repeat surfactant?
• Rapid weaning and extubation to CPAP within one hour
• Repeat doses to max 3, up to 72 hours of age
• Consider re-treatment if persistent or recurrent oxygen
requirement; FiO2 >30%
• Timing of repeat dose: early as 2 hours usually 4-6 hours after first dose
What are some risk factors for TTN?
- Elective caesarean delivery without labour
- Prematurity
- Large birth weight
- Maternal diabetes
- Twin pregnancy
- Male gender
- Maternal asthma
CXR findings for TTN?
Peri-hilar streaking
• Fluid in interlobar fissues (Oblique and Horizontal)
• Bilateral infiltrates
• Fluid filled alveoli
What is the definition of BPD?
Definition
• For exam – oxygen requirement at 36 weeks post- menstrual age (PMA)
CXR findings for BPD?
cysts
hyperinflated
gas trapping
Management of BPD
- Gentle ventilation with minimization of endotracheal ventilation
- Nutritional support and supportive care
- Corticosteroids (Controversial due to link with Cerebral Palsy)
- Limited evidence for inhaled corticosteroids
Volutrama»>barotrauma
Beware of oxygen toxicity
Long term sequelae of BPD?
- Frequent hospitalizations
- Increased pulmonary problems • Reactive airway disease
- Pulmonary hypertension
- More severe infections
- Poorer neurodevelopment
Choanal atresia presentation?
Gets better with bagging!! KEY
What is CPAM?
- CPAM (congenital pulmonary adenomatous malformation)
- Numerous cysts within lung tissue
- Communicates with trachea-bronchial tree
- Blood supply from pulmonary circulation
- Risk of hamartomas and/or infection
May look like a mass on CXR
Management controversial
• Surgical resection
• Surveillance with serial CTs (many regress over time)
What is Bronchopulmonary sequestration?
- Bronchopulmonary sequestration
- Non-functioning lung tissue that receives blood supply from anomalous systemic vessels
- Does NOT communicate with tracheobronchial tree
- Majority lower lobe (intra- or extra-lobar)
- Risk of respiratory distress, recurrent pneumonias in childhood
Management
• Surgical resection
• May observe, particularly if extralobar
Management of CDH
Management • Intubate away • Surgical repair • Avoid bag mask ventilation: Intubate • Insert large bore NG • Minimize ventilation pressures: PIP <25 cm • Pre-ductal sat >85% • Sedation: minimize risk of pneumothorax • Transfer to tertiary care centre
Long term complication fo CDH
• Long term complications include neurodevelopmental/behavioural impairment, GERD/nutritional problems and pulmonary disease
Most common defect in CDH?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• Developmental defect in formation of diaphragm at 8-10 weeks GA
• Left posterior defect most common
• Pulmonary hypoplasia which leads to pulmonary hypertension
What is PPHN?
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
• R to L shunt at atrial or ductal level
Causes of PPHN?
MAS Pneumonia RDS Idiopathic CDH Pulmonary hypoplasia
Clinical presentation fo PPHN
Presents with hypoxemia, severe cyanosis, respiratory distress, labile oxygenation, gradient in pre- and post-ductal oxygen saturation
Cannot handle them easily
̈ Note: may be difficult to distinguish from congenital heart defect
Management of PPHN
- Optimal lung expansion
- Reduction of PVR (iNO)
- Maintenance of systemic perfusion
- Optimization of cardiac function
- Optimizing oxygenation (PaO2) and ventilation
- Treatment of underlying lung disease
Muffled heart sounds and HR drops
Breath sounds equal and symmetric
What is happening?
Fluid around the heart!
Needs pericardiocentesis
Can be caused by PICC!
Management of Pneumothorax
• Ventilation support as required • Low flow oxygen or CPAP (not for the pneumothorax per se) • Mechanical ventilation • Use lowest possible pressure • Reduce PIP, PEEP, i-time
- Thoracentesis
- Typically used as emergent treatment of symptomatic PTX
- May be a temporizing measure while stabilizing patient before chest tube placement
- Sometimes may be sufficient alone
- Chest tube placement
- Generally required in mechanically ventilated patient
- Resolution in 2 – 3 days as underlying lesion heals
- 4th or 5th intercostal space (mid-axillary line)
Treatment of pneumomediastinum
- Air in mediastinal space
- Most cases are asymptomatic
- Resolves spontaneously and requires no specific treatment
- Reports of need for US-guided drainage in tension pneumomediastinum
Presentation of pneumopericardium
- Air in pericardial space
- Abrupt onset of hemodynamic compromise due to cardiac tamponade
- Tachycardia to Bradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, hypotension, cyanosis
- Distant/muffled heart sounds
- Low voltage of ECG/rhythm strips
Diagnosis of pneumonia in neonates?
• Extremely difficult and subjective: no validated criteria
- Standards of diagnosis:
- Bronchoalveolarlavage
- Aspirate using protected specimen brush
- Lung biopsy
- Pleural fluid culture
• Seldom performed in neonates
- High C-reactive protein
- WBC counts (neutropenia, high I/T ratio)
- Pleural effusions on radiograph
- Positive gram stain on ETT aspirates
- Tracheal cultures
- May have value if performed early
- However, limited evidence for tracheal cultures for late onset pneumonia
What is malrotation?
Failure of normal rotation with abnormal fixation of bowels
When does volvulus typically present?
• 80% with symptoms in first month of life
How does volvulus present?
• Bilious vomiting – must rule out malrotation (± volvulus)
How do you diagnose volvulus?
- Diagnosis
- X-ray may show decreased bowel gas
- Definitive diagnosis with upper GI series
What is the treatment for volvulus?
- Surgical emergency – may lead to rapid necrosis of bowel if volvulus present
- Ladd’sprocedure
What condition is associated with meconium ileus
Impaction of thick tenuous meconium in distal small bowel
• 10-15% of patients with CF have MI
• 90% of patients with MI have CF
How do you diagnose Meconium Ileus
• Contrast enema required to establish diagnosis
Dilated proximal to the ileus, with micro colon after
Treatment of meconium ileus
- Hypertonic enema (gastrografin) may lead to disimpaction
* Mucomyst (N-acetylcysteine)
Duodenal atresia is associated with what syndromes?
Duodenal atresia
• Failure of recannulization
• Trisomy 21 in ~1/3
What do you see on X-ray for duodenal atresia?
• Classical sign: double bubble
NOT ALWAYS BILIOUS VOMITING
How do you manage Duodenal/jejunal/ileal atresia?
- Management
- Abdominal decompression
- Surgery
How do jejunal/ileal atresia present thats different from DA?
Jejunal/Ileal atresia
• In utero mesentericvascular occlusion
• Presents with bilious vomiting, abdominal distension
DA not always bilious
What is Hirschsprung disease?
Failure of complete cranial to caudal migration of neural crest cells
• No parasympathetic innervation to distal colon to abnormal peristalsis and functional constipation
- part of colon without neural crest cells is tiny.
How does Hirschsprungs disease present?
- Clinical
- No meconium in first 24-48 hours, abdominal distension
- Acute bacterial enterocolitis (megacolon)
How do you diagnose hirschsprungs?
- Diagnosis
- Barium enema
- Anal manometry
- Biopsy (definitive)
What syndromes are associated with hirschrpungs?
Down syndrome
Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Wardenburg
What are risk factors for NEC?
- Prematurity
- Formula
- Intestinal ischemia
- Abnormal bacterial colonization
How does NEC present?
- Clinical
- Abdominal distension, feeding intolerance, emesis, hematochezia, loose stools, abdominal wall erythema, systemicinstability
- Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis, DIC, glucose instability
Complications of NEC?
Complications
• Mortality rate 30-40%
• Intestinal strictures, short bowel syndrome, TPN related cholestatis, neurodevelopmental impairment
Radiographic findings of NEC?
pneumatosis intestinal
portal air
football sign (seeing falciform ligament)
pneumoperitoneum
What is an omphalocele?
Intestinal loops fail to return to abdominal cavity (or lack of formation of anterior abdominal wall)
Has covering to the bowel
midline
involves the umbilicus
What conditions is omphalocele associated with?
80% associated with anomalies
• Beckwith Weidemann
• Trisomy 13 and 18
What is gastroschisis?
“Abdominal wall hernia”
• More common in young mothers
• High risk of concomitant intestinal atresia
What conditions are gastroschisis associated with?
Usually none
Well baby otherwise
Long term complications of gastroschisis?
- Long term complications (more common in gastroschisis)
- Decreased GI motility
- Bowel obstruction
- Perforated bowel/strictures • GERD
- Sepsis
- Cholestasis
- Short Bowel
What is short gut?
Defined as prolonged parenteral nutrition following bowel resection
• Usually more than 3 months
• Malabsorption secondary to bowel resection
Complications of short gut?
- Complications
- Intestinal hyperplasia
- Gastric hypersecretion
- Bacterial overgrowth
- Colitis
- Watery diarrhea
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Cholestasis/Cholelithiasis
- Renal stones
- Failure to thrive
Which babies are at risk of hypoglycemia and why?
IDM (hyperinsulinism)
• LGA infants (hyperinsulinism)
• Prematurity (reduced fat and glycogen stores)
• Infants SGA (reduced fat and glycogen stores)
- IUGR/Asphyxia (hyperinsulinism because of stress)
What investigations would show hyperinsulinism as a cause of hypoglycaemia?
Hyperinsulinism: normal or elevated insulin level in face of hypoglycemia; low ketones and free fatty acids,
urine negative for ketones
When can you stop screening at risk babies for hypoglycemia?
Discontinue screen if levels ≥2.6
• SGA after 36 h
• LGA & IDM after 12h
What is in a critical sample for hypoglycemia?
Critical Sample • 1. Glucose • 2. Insulin • 3. Cortisol • 4.GH • 5. Beta OH Butyrate • 6. FFAs • 7. Lactate, Gas • 8. Urine Ketones
What is the etiology of most congenital hypothyroidism?
- Incidence rate: 1:2,000 – 1:4,000
- Most newborn babies with congenital hypothriodism have few or no clinical manifestations
- Majority of cases are sporadic
- Thyroid dysgenesis (sporadic, ~85%)
- Ectopia (most common), aplasia or hypoplasia of thyroid
- Inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis (hereditary, ~15%)
- Central hypothyroidism (extremely rare)
