Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARM 2 > Nicotine I > Flashcards

Nicotine I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general route to the brain of smoke containing nicotine?

A
  1. inhaled
  2. carried into lungs
  3. absorbed into pulmonary venous circulation
  4. moves into brain
  5. nicotine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the % of men who smoke globally and what is the % of women?

A

47% of men smoke and 12% of women smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the general trend of smoking looking globally?

A

industrialized nations are smoking less, while developing nations are increasing

by 2020, 85% of smokers will be in developing countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the % of smokers in Canada?

A

19%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What plant is tobacco derived from?

A

Nicotiana Tabacum species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is curing?

A

curing is removal of excess moisture from tobacco plant so it can be smoked.

By curing, it also produces up to 599 compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two naturally occurring chemicals in tobacco plant?

A

nicotine and carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some of the dangerous of intentional additives added to tobacco by cigaret companies?

A
  • mostly for flavour, modifying burn rate, ability to release nicotine
  • additives can form carcinogenic chemicals when burned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the relationship between ethanol and nicotine?

A

Simple sugars that are added in the curing process can be converted to acetylaldehyde when burned

rats triple nicotine self-admin if acetylaldehyde is also given at much lower levels than seen with drinkers (only in young rats)

this is thought to be because of inhibition of MAO’s and boost neurotransmitter levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is apatite? why is it so dangerous?

A

the tobacco plant (nicotiana tabacum) is often fertilized with a mineral called apatite to starve the plants of nitrogen in order to impart a particular flavour

but apatite contains radium, and radioactive isotopes of lead and polonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is smokeless/chewing tobacco? what are some concerns with it?

A

the amount of nicotine absorbed is 3-4 times greater than cigarettes, but process of absorption is much slower

there are at least 28 carcinogens identified in chewing tobacco

it does lead to addiction even though absorption process is slow

and it does increase risk of oral cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do electronic cigarettes work?

A

they don’t contain tobacco or require combustion but provide nicotine dosage via inhalation

  • they contain a battery-powered atomizer that heats up and vaporizes a nicotine-containing liquid
  • people say its safer than cigs because they provide behavioural cues that satisfy some cravings but could act as a gateway drug into tobacco
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 4 concerns with e-cigs?

A
  1. inhalation of the liquid can be dangerous as it includes propylene glycol. Its not really tested
  2. also reported findings of nitrosamines … formed from non-pure nicotine (carcinogenic compounds)
  3. Fear that children will break them and swallow nicotine
  4. increasing evidence that nicotine itself may enhance cancer growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diacetyl?

A

It is a compound found in flavoured e-cigs and was detected in 39 out 51 brands tested

it is also used to flavour buttered popcorn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is popcorn lung?

A

the obliteration of respiratory tissue (bronchiolitis obliterates) in workers in buttered popcorn factories (collapsed lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect on e-cigs on the immune system of the lungs?

A
  1. Using a modified Jaeger-Baumgartner Cigarette Smoke Machine: E-cig is puffed for 2sec. once every 10 seconds
  2. E-cig vapour is mixed with filtered air via peristaltic pump at 1.05L/min (this is to mimic a human smoking)
  3. Mice are exposed to this puff in a small chamber for 1.5 hours, twice per day for 2 weeks. There are three mice in the chamber.
  4. Electron paramagnetic resonance shows increase number of free radicals from the filtered air mixed with smoke
  5. At 1 hour after the final exposure, mice are infected intranasally with S. pneumoniae or influenza A. (viral or bacterial infection) and a control
17
Q

What were the results of the effects of e-cigs on the immune system?

A
  1. detection of free radicals were found (1/100 of what is in cig smoke)
  2. exposure to e-cig smoke increases membrane lipid damage (peroxidation)
  3. e-cig smoke exposure resulted in macrophage infiltration into lungs similar to what is seem with tobacco
    smoke
  4. after 2 weeks of exposure to e-cig smoke, mice were exposed to different levels of influenza virus; and it was found that those exposed to smoke were more likely to die

When increasing the bacteria population 10 times, almost all of the infected mice died

there is increased inflammation and inflammatory agent in the lungs but they are unresponsive to bacteria (don’t work well)

18
Q

What is hooka?

A

Shisha is a tobacco base with added ingredients

  • shisha is used via hookas (water pipes)
  • shisha is heated not burned, so it is better in the sense that it has less combustion materials
  • smoke is cooled as it passes though the water
19
Q

what are 5 negative aspects about shisha?

A
  1. one gram of tobacco shisha produces 11 times more carbon monoxide than 1 gram of cig tobacco
  2. smoke contains carcinogens that can be at the same or higher levels as cigs
  3. increases heart rate and BP
  4. Leads to lung disease
  5. Increased risk of oral and lung cancer
20
Q

what is the smoking time, number of puffs and inhaled smoke per puff in hooka vs. cigs?

A

hooka:
smoking time –> 28-80 minutes
number of puffs –> 50-200 puffs
inhaled smoke per puff –> 0.15L

Cigs
smoking time –> 5-7 minutes
number of puffs –> 8-12 puffs
inhaled smoke per puff –> 0.5-0.6L

21
Q

What is the function of nicotine?

A

nicotine:

  • facilitates addiction
  • mimics aCH at aCH receptors (agonist)
  • binds to same side on the aCH receptor as aCH
  • has a charge at low pH
  • some studies suggest nicotine can promote spread of cancer
22
Q

What is the relationship between nicotine and pH?

A

the charge on nicotine depends on pH (weak base)

23
Q

What are the three forms of nicotine? and its properties?

A
  1. diproontated state –> has lots of [H+] and low pH … it has two hydrogens (ph 2)
  2. Monoprotonated state –> in between state; has only one proton (ph 5)
  3. Nonprotonated (free base) –> not a lot of [H+] and high ph; no hydrogens (ph 10)
24
Q

what is the relationship between the 3 forms of nicotine and smoking adaption?

A

diprotonated form does not occur when smoking

  • free-base is volatile –> more easily released from tobacco and increases ease of absorption; this is linked with higher dependance/adaption rate

non charged substances pass lipid bilayers quicker thats why

drug companies like to make non-protonated nicotine so it can cause addiction and more people to buy it

25
Q

What are the two phases of cigarette smoke?

A
  1. particulate phase

2. gaseous phase

26
Q

what is the particulate phase of cigarette smoke?

A

particulate phase includes volatile and non-volatile nicotine, water, tar (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzo[a]pyrene)), metals, radioactive compounds

Benzo[a]pyrene mutates DNA

27
Q

what is the gaseous phase of cigarette smoke?

A

contains volatile nicotine, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile nitrosamines, ammonia, nitrites, sulphur, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and volatile hydrocarbons

these form vapours right away

28
Q

What is the dose of nicotine that would kill a healthy adult? what is the dose of nicotine in 1 cigarette?

A

dose to kill an adult = 60 mg on the tongue

1 cigarette = 0.5 - 2.0mg of nicotine

but SIDESTREAM SMOKE (smoke that doesn’t get inhaled) causes smoker to only get a fraction of this since it is mainly lost in pyrolysis (heat from smoke kills nicotine) and filter in the cigarette

29
Q

What is the typical smoking pattern of someone who smokes?

A

most people smoke the same way

one or two puffs/minute with each puff lasting 2 seconds

this delivered 1-2 micrograms per kilogram body weight nicotine to the brain which seems like the optimum amount for stimulation of the brain … this is what is aimed for by most smokers

one pack a day = 100-200 puffs

30
Q

what does the graph of 24 hour nicotine levels look like? and why?

A

nicotine levels tend to peak at the end of the smoking day where nicotine levels can’t go any higher than they are because receptors desensitize to it and don’t respond to any more levels

  • adding new drug every hour, will cause accumulation on top of old nicotine from last smoke that hasn’t been removed yet… i.e. if you smoked an hour ago and then you go and smoke now, the nicotine from an hour ago is still in your body getting metabolized, but the new nicotine from current smoke will just build on top of that
  • over night, since theres no smoking for what might be 6 or more hours, the nicotinic aCH receptors resensitize and are ready for nicotine

this is why smokers get almost a euphoria feeling when they start their day with a smoke because its feeling their resensitized receptors

31
Q

What is nicotine replacement therapy? what is the efficacy of it so far?

A

the idea is to give a pure, safe (without tar and other chemicals of combustion) version of the addictive ingredient in tobacco

can be administered in 3 common ways: nasal spray, gum, or a transdermal patch

efficacy is questionable as many studies have shown no improvement in relapse rate compared to quitting with no NRT (nicotine replacement therapy)

32
Q

Why does NRT not work so well?

A

when tested the time post administration vs. plasma nicotine concentration of cigarette, nasal spray, gum and the patch

  • it was shown that the patch obviously had the slowest concentration of nicotine released into the plasma, and the cigarette had the fastest spike in nicotine concentration in the plasma and the gum + nasal spray were in between the two

smoking delivers the fastest nicotine amounts to blood plasma, and in graphs its shown as a rapid spike within the first 10 minutes post administration, while other methods take a longer, gradual time to increase nicotine concentration

this is thought to be the reason why these NRT’s do not deliver the same effects as nicotine

33
Q

Which two enzymes in the liver metabolizes nicotine?

A

CYP2A6 and monooxygenases

with CYP2A6 being the most predominant one

34
Q

What are the products formed with nicotine is metabolized by CYP2A6/CYP2B6/ aldehyde oxidase?

A

80% of the metabolites forms Continine which has a half life of 16 hours (nicotine with the double bonded oxygen) and this is an important metabolite because it is tested as a marker for direct and second-hand smoking, it takes 4-5 half lives to remove!

35
Q

What are the products formed with nicotine metabolized by monooxygenases?

A

4-7% production of nicotine-1’- N-oxide

PHARM 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions