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PHARM 2 > Hallucinogens I > Flashcards

Hallucinogens I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hallucinogens?

A
  1. indole hallucingoens
  2. catechol
  3. antichiolingerics
  4. deliriants
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2
Q

what is Phantastica?

A

it involves indole, and catechol hallucinogens

they are drugs that alter your perception but not by a lot to impair your communication and everything (person remains in communication with present world)

little physiological toxicity mostly psychological effects

new synethic ones can be deadly

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3
Q

what are some examples of indole hallucinogens?

A

LSD (synthetic), psilocybin (mushrooms), lysergic acid amide (morning glory), bufotenin (toads)

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4
Q

what is an example of catechol hallucinogens?

A

2-C drugs, MDMA, mescaline

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5
Q

what is an example of anticholinergic hallucinogens?

A

mandrake

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6
Q

what is an example of deliriant?

A

PCP

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7
Q

what are some of the structural properties of indoles ?

A

they all have a indole group and mimic serotonin

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8
Q

what are some structural properties of catechols?

A

they have a catechol backbone and resemble dopamine

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9
Q

what are ergot and ergot alkaloids?

A

they are a fungus that infects rye and contains lysergic acid and other complex ergot alkaloids
some ar potent vasoconstrictors and cause uterine contractions and ergotamine is still used to teat migrates via vasoconstriction, it has lysergic backbone

in the Middle Ages, there was outbreaks of ergotisim

there was two forms:

  1. severely constricted blood flow to limbs made limbs feel like they were burning (st Anthony’s fire)
  2. lead to gangrene, loss of limbs via vasoconstriction
  3. other forms led to convulsions, deliriums and hallucinations
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10
Q

How was LSD invented and by who?

A

albert Hoffman of sand laboratories used ergot alkaloids as a starting point from which to synthesize new respiratory and circulatory stimulant

after testing it on one particular compound, lysergic acid diethyl amine (added nitrogen w double bond oxygen and two carbons to lysergic acid) he felt strange so he administered a 0.25 mg dose on himself which was 7X normal dose and had the first LSD trip ever recorded

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11
Q

what happened after Sandoz synthesized LSD?

A

they didn’t know how to market it so they gave it away
and it was used to develop psychoses in animal models
- in general therapy it was used to access the subconscious
- as therapy adjust for alcoholics with 50% success rate
- there is some clinical evidence it may be useful in treating cluster headaches
- trials examining its use in treating ends of life anxiety

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12
Q

What was Timothy leary’s contribution to LSD?

A

Tim and Richard Alpert used graduate students in their research projects and turned to LSD

and experimented with LSD lots in school and got suspended and arrested

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13
Q

how is LSD administered using animals?

A

animals cannot be trained to self administer LSD

if given the option they will work hard to stop administration

  • no evidence that they are reinforcing
  • reasons for taking are often very different with other drugs of abuse
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14
Q

how is the normal administration of LSD?

A

mostly oral

LSD doses range from 10-300 micrograms which is 1/230,000th of alcohol

these hits usually absorbed onto blotting paper and then put on tongue to dissolve

also comes in gel tabs and microdots (candies or small pills)

often taken at a dose that doesn’t produce full blown hallucinations

microdosing is taking sub threshold doses that are supposed to induce creativity

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15
Q

what is the pattern of use of LSD?

A

LSD does not seem to form habit

  • very low on abuse potential scale
  • taken when opportunity arises or in certain social situations
  • set (expectation of user) and setting (environment_ are more improtant for this drug than others because it can result in good or bad experience depending on the set and setting where you take the drug
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16
Q

how are hallucinogens metabolized?

A

effect beging at 30-90 minutes after injestion via 1st pass metabolism

only 1% actually makes it to the brain

  • extensively metabolized by liver
  • half life is approx 110 minutes but effects can last for longer than this (5-12 hours)
17
Q

what are some psychological effects?

A
  • hallucinations (visual)
  • synesthesia
  • intense emotion
  • time distortion
  • distortion of sense of body and object
  • mystical experiences
18
Q

what are some of the physiological effects of LSD?

A

its sympathomimetic (stimulates sympathetic) so it causes

increase in BP
vasoconstriction
sweating
dilated pupils
increased salivation
19
Q

what is the mechanism for LSD working?

A
  • LSD is a weak partial agonist at central 5HT2A (Hallucinations) and 5HT2B, and 5HT2c receptors
  • HTA and HTB are found in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex but does not moderate a rewarding effect
  • their activation changes gene expression in these regions
    other 5HT dopamine receptors may play a small role
20
Q

When LSD binds to 5HT2 recpetors, what happens?

A

LSD increases release of glutamate from glutamergic neurons in the cortex

5HT2 receptors may be presynaptic in this brain region and their activation leads to increased glutamate release in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPC) which is important for perception and information processing

MPC thought to be where emotions and meaning of things is

glutamate effects in the cortex are thought to be on eo fate major contributors to hallucinogen effects

in chronic animal studies, there is dramatic increase in GABA-A receptor levels

glutamate just starts up connections with areas that normally don’t have connection

as part of the fear centre, the LC detects novelty in the environment, LSD enhances the response of the LC to lovely and makes the ordinary seem extremely novel
users report seeing and hearing for the first time

LSD will bind to dopamine type D2 receptors with high affinity and act as an agonist

known that over stimulation of dopamine receptors can lead to hallucinations

21
Q

what are some hard reported by LSD use?

A

no reported death

pshyiologically safe

made make person do unsafe things

flashbacks called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder –> sudden an unexpected return to the druggist state which is short lasting and visual

no one knows why this happens some people say it happen when under stress or taking other drugs

can occur years after last taking the drug

22
Q

how does tolerance develop?

A

develops quickly

if taken repeatedly, compete tolerance in 2-3 days, 5ht receptors rapidly disappear and within a week sensitivity returns

tolerance can be cross tolerance to mescaline and psilocybin not just LSD

no withdrawal symptoms ever representorted

addiction has never been occurring

PHARM 2 (14 decks)

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