Nicolas II, 1894-1917 Flashcards
Who was Nicolas II tutor?
Pobedonostev (again…)
Which right wing group did Nicolas support?
The Black Hundreds
What were the years 1902-07 known as?
How about the gallows?
The Years of the Red Cockeral
Stolypin’s Necktie
How many industrial strikes in 1894?
How about 1904?
1894: 17,000
1904: 90,000
Who created the Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers?
Father Gapon
When was the Russo Japanese War?
What was it intended to do?
How did Plehve describe it?
Result?
1904
Intended to end unrest at home
‘A short and victorious war’
Not good- renewed calls for duma, Plehve assassinated
When was Bloody Sunday?
9th January 1905
Which iron works strikes?
Putilov Iron Works, 150,000 workers on 3rd Jan 1905
Which mutiny occurred in 1905?
How many were killed and wounded by troops?
Potemkin
2000 killed, 3000 wounded
Who persuaded tsar to make concessions in Oct 1905?
What did he warn?
Witte (chairman of Council of Ministers)
Revolution would ‘sweep away a thousand years of history’
Who was directing a general strike in October 1905?
St Petersburg Soviet
When was the October Manifesto signed?
What did it grant?
17th October 1905
Civic freedom (speech, assembly, union etc.) and a state duma with power to approve laws
When were the fundamental laws?
What Article is particularly interesting?
1906
Article 87: allowed rule by decree in emergency or when duma not in session
How many workers votes to 1 gentry vote?
45
What percentage of the budget was the state duma excluded from?
40%
When was the first duma?
Who was PM?
Why was it so radical liberal?
What manifesto?
May to July 1906
Witte
Boycotted by Bolsheviks, SRs, Union of Russian People
Vyborg Manifesto
When was the second duma?
Who PM?
Why was it dissolved?
New law
Feb-June 1907
Stolypin
Rumours about assassination
1907 Electoral Law
When was the Third Duma?
How many proposals did it pass?
What conflicts were there?
Nov 1907-June 1912
2200/2500
Proposals to extend primary education and local government reform
When was the Fourth Duma?
Who PM?
Quote?
1912-17
Kokovstov
‘Thank God we still have no parliament’
Who damaged Nicolas’s reputation?
Rasputin
What was the economy growth rate between 1894-1913?
8% a year
What did Witte introduce to strengthen currency?
New rouble in 1897
What percentage of income came from industrial investment in 1913?
25%
By 1913, Russia’s railway was ….. largest in the world
Second
Which port helped treble oil production and make Russia self sufficient in 1913?
Baku
What was the industrial growth rate between 1908-1913?
8.5%
However by 1913, Russia was only the …. largest industrial power.
Fifth
Before Stolypins reforms, what was Russia’s grain output compared to Britain?
4x less
What was Stolypin’s policies of getting more kulaks called?
Was it successful?
Wager on the strong
Fewer than 1% reached Kulak status
By 1914, what percentage of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership?
10%
By 1914, what percentage still farmed in traditional strips?
90%
When were redemption fees officially abolished?
1907
By 1917, the urban population had ….
Quadrupled from 1867
In St Petersburg, what percentage of houses had no running water or sewage system?
How many died of cholera in 1908-09?
40%
30,000
What percentage increase in primary education between 1905-14? What about funding?
What percentage were still illiterate?
85% increase, 82m expenditure, 40% illiterate by 1914
When was the Lena Goldfields massacre? How many killed by troops?
1912, 500 killed
What is evidence on continuing noble status?
The 1906 ‘united nobility’ meeting
Reduced censorship in 1905 caused the …..
List one modernist figure
Silver age of Russian culture
Stravinsky, Rite of Spring.
When were the tercentenary celebrations?
Famous Nicolas quote
1913
‘My people love me’
Liberal opposition group set up in 1903? Leader?
Union of Liberation
Struve
What did the SRs want?
How many assassinations?
Anyone important?
‘Agricultural socialisation’
2000
Two MoIA, Sipyagin and Plehve, and Stolypin in 1911
When did the SDs split?
Who led Mensheviks?
Who led Bolsheviks?
1903
M: Martov
B: Lenin
Why did Russia go to war in 1914?
To defend Serbia against Austria Hungary
Allied to France (foreign investment)
Pan Slav nationalism
Divert attention from discontent
Two disastrous battles in 1914
August 1914: Battle of Tannenburg
September 1914: Mausrian Lakes
How much did prohibition cost the government?
2.5 billion roubles
Businessmen set up what to help coordinate wartime production?
Congress of Representatives of Industry and Business
What did the zemgor provide?
Who led it?
Medical facilities and provision for front
Prince Lvov
What caused the government to suspend the duma in 1915?
The formation of the Progressive Bloc demanding a constitutional monarchy
What mistake by Nicolas caused him to appear responsible for military disasters?
Becoming Commander in chief of the army and navy in 1915
How many men were mobilised between 1914-17?
15 million, mostly conscripted peasants
What offensive was initially successful for Russia?
How many casualties?
Brusilov Offensive 1916
1.6 million, more than the Somme
How many desertions were there in 1916?
1.5 million
What was war spending by 1918?
14,500m
Why were there grain shortages in towns?
Poor prices by government, hoarded by peasants and not distributed evenly (diverted to front)
What percentage rise in the cost of living by 1917?
300%
Famous Nicolas quote about Rodzianko’s warning
‘that fat bellied Rodzianko has written me some nonsense to which I shall not even bother to reply’
Who joined the revolution?
Petrograd garrison, Volynskii regiment, deserting soldiers and Krondstadt
What order was issued by the Petrograd Soviet?
Who did it concern?
Order no. 1
Soldiers
When did Nicolas abdicate?
March 2nd 1917
