Alexander III, 1881-1894 Flashcards
Who was Alexander III influential tutor?
What title did he have under Alexander?
Pobedonostev
Over-Procurator of the Holy Synod
What was the first thing Alexander III did?
Public hanging of those involved in his father’s assassination.
1881 Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy
Law on Exceptional Measures
Who resigned when Alexander III came to the throne?
Reforming ministers like Milyutin
When were land captains introduced?
What power did they have?
1889
Could override zemstva decisions, elections and court judgements.
Who’s charter in 1884 based university appointments in universities subject to ‘religious, moral and patriotic grounds’?
Delyanov
What other restrictions were placed on education after Delyanov’s charter?
Closed unis for women
Banned gatherings for more than 5
Lower class students restricted to primary
Primary run by Orthodox church
What percentage of the population was literate by first census in 1897?
21%
Who was the new leader of the Okhrana and police?
Plehve
What document allowed the arrest, exile or imprisonment if anyone related to crime or was likely to be?
The 1882 Statute on Police Surveillance
From what year could closed court sessions be held?
1887
What change in courts occurred in 1889?
Volost courts under jurisdiction of Land Captains
Town judges appointed by Ministry
Who issued ‘temporary regulations’ and in what year?
What powers did they have?
Tolstoy in 1882
Increased censorship: newspapers could be closed down, censorship increased, libraries had restrictions
What positive reform did Alexander III introduce?
1881 reduced redemption fees
1885 abolished poll tax
1883 Peasant Land Bank
Right to appeal to higher court
What policy was enforced by ministers such as Pobedonostev?
Cultural Russification
Who were particularly targeted by Russification?
Finland, Poland, Baltic Germans, Georgia and Ukraine
From 1883, members of non Orthodox churches were not allowed to….
Build new places of worship
Wear religious dress except in meeting place
Spread religious propeganda
What was the result of Russification policies?
Resentment from Finns, Poles and Baltic Germans
Mass disturbances (322 in 1888)
When and where were the Jewish Pogroms?
Particularly bad in 1881-1884 in Kiev, Odessa, Warsaw. 16 major cities.
Also, Odessa in 1886
What and when were the May Laws?
1882
Jews had to live in ghettoes in cities and towns
What was the result of anti-Semitism?
Disproportionate amount of Jews in opposition groups
Who was minister of finance between 1887-1892?
Vyshnegradsky
By 1892, what had happened to the economy?
The Russian budget was in surplus!
What quote explains Vyshnegradsky’s drive for exports?
‘We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export’
What crisis was caused as a result of Vyshnegradsky’s policies?
1891-92 The Great Famine, over 350,000 died
Under Witte, where did Russia rise to in the world economy?
4th largest in the world by 1897
How big was the middle class by 1897?
Half a million
How big was the urban working class?
Less than 2% of population
How many illegal workers strikes a year between 1886-94?
33
When was the Peasant Land Bank set up?
1885
What was the average life expectancy for :
A male peasant
A female peasant
England
Male: 27
Female: 29
England: 45
How much of the population subscribed to the Orthodox Church?
70%
Who were persecuted under Alexander III religion wise?
Old Believers
Ukrainian Uniate Church
Armenian Church
