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History Tsarist and Communist Russia > Nicholas II > Flashcards

Nicholas II Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Nicholas II tutor ?

A

Pobedonostsev

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2
Q

What was Pobedonostsev’s belief which influenced Nicholas II ?

A

Democracy would bring a collapse to the Russian Empire

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3
Q

Did Nicholas have strong beliefs in Divine Right?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What was Nicholas II keen to maintain?

A

-Autocracy
-Orthodoxy

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5
Q

Who were the Black Hundreds?

A

Nationalist gangs devoted to the Tsar and orthodoxy and had a large involvement in crushing the 1905 revolution

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6
Q

Why was Russia more politicised after the 1891 great famine?

A

-Failure of tsarist govt to deal with the crisis and left it to the zemstva to deal with
-Led to greater mistrust in govt
-Led to belief in power of the people

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7
Q

Where were there large growth in reformist groups in the 1900?

A

Universities

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8
Q

How were these groups met ?

A

-Okhrana who exiled, imprisoned and military drafted some

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9
Q

What were the years 1902-1907 known as ?

A

Years of the Red Cockerell
-Community disturbances with lots of arson

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10
Q

Who was the tsars minister during the period of the red cockerell ?

A

Stolypin

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11
Q

How did Stolypin’s reaction to the disturbacnces aggravte them further?

A

-He arressted, exiled, and shot peasants

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12
Q

what was the number of strikers in 1904?

A

90,000

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13
Q

What happened in 1901 at the Obukhov factory in St Petersburg?

A

-Violent clashes between cossacks carrying whips and armed police

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14
Q

When was the Russo-Japenese war ?

A

1904

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15
Q

Why did Russia get involved in the Russo-japenese war?

A

Plehve advised the tsar to respond to a japense assault on the far east naval base of port arthur as he believed it would be a distraction from the tide of unrest at home.

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16
Q

What did Russia think the war would be like?

A

-short, swift and victorious

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17
Q

How many miles was Port Arthur from the capital?

A

6000

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18
Q

Why did the Tsar belive this would be an easy war?

A

As he underestimated the Japanese and overestimated the strength of his own force

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19
Q

What did the series of the defeats cause?

A

Shift away from anti-Japanese patriotism to opposition to the govt

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20
Q

What were the causes of the Russo-Japenese war?

A

Russia wanted warm water ports
Russia wanted to expand the border to build a railway line

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21
Q

When was the assasination of Plehve?

A

1904

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22
Q

Who replaced Plehve ?

A

Pyotr Mirsky

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23
Q

What was the Cause of the January 9th 1905 Bloody Sunday?

A

Strike at an Iron works in St Petersburg

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24
Q

What did people do about the strikes?

A

Father Gapon and his union among with other supporters decided to have a peaceful march.

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25
Q

How many troops were sents to disband the march?

A

12,000

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26
Q

How many people died due to Bloody Sunday?

A

-40 at Nava Gate
-100 across the city

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27
Q

By October 1905 why did the Russian empire look as if it were to collapse?

A

-Strikes and demonstrations in all major cities
-peasant uprisings

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28
Q

What was the St Petersburg Soviet?

A

A group pf radical revolutionaries inspired by the UNions of the Unions who were to set up a general strike

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29
Q

When was the St Petersburg soviet set to strike?

A

Moscow October 1905

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30
Q

What did Witte threaten would happen if the tsar didn’t take action?

A

that the country was on the verge of a revolution

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31
Q

When did the tsar agree to establish and publish a decree?

A

17th october 1905

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32
Q

What did the october manifesto promise?

A

-Grant civic freedom
-Establish a state Duma (allowing a voice to all people)

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33
Q

What were the Fundamental laws?

A

reinstated the tsars autocratic powers:
-veto legislation
-appoint and dismiss ministers
-Dissolve the duma as and when

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34
Q

When was the first Duma ?

A

May -July 1906

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35
Q

Who boycotted the first duma?

A

Bolsheviks, SR’s and Union of the Russion people

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36
Q

What political view was the First Duma?

A

radical-Liberal

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37
Q

Was the first duma highly critical of the tsar and its ministers?

A

Yes and therfore caused Wittes resignation

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38
Q

Who replaced Witte ?

A

Goremykin

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39
Q

When was the second Duma ?

A

February -June 1907

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40
Q

Did the second duma have an increase in extreme left views?

A

yes -Bolsheviks,Mensheviks, SR’s began to participate

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41
Q

Who was the leader of the second Duma ?

A

Stolypin

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42
Q

When was the third Duma?

A

November 1907- June 1912

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43
Q

How many times was the duma suspended in 1911?

A

2

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44
Q

Were there disputes in the Duma?

A

There were many disputes over stolypins proposals

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45
Q

When was Stolypin assassinated?

A

1911

46
Q

Who was the prime Minister of the Fourt Duma?

A

Kokostsov

47
Q

What were the long term causes of revolution?

A

-Autocracy
-Repression
-Westernisation
-Lack of political reform

48
Q

What were mid term causes of revolution?

A

-Weak Tsar
-Opposition growth

49
Q

What were the short term causes of revolution ?

A

-Russo-Japanese war
-Bloody Sunday

50
Q

Who were the Social democratic workers party?

A

Mensheviks(matron)
Bolsheviks (Lenin)

51
Q

Why did the Social democratic workers group split at the second congress in 1903?

A

-Lenin won the vote
-Lenin wanted absolute dedication to revolution only

52
Q

What did the Social democratic workers party do?

A

-Formed the St Petersburg soviet
-Organised Illegal strikes

53
Q

What influential pamphlet on revolution did Lenin write?

A

What is to be done/?

54
Q

Which ideas did the SDWP favour?

A

Marxist

55
Q

What method did the Social revolutionaries favour?

A

Terror

56
Q

Who were the Sr’s led by?

A

Chernov

57
Q

What ideas did the SR’s favour?

A

Populist (nationalisation and redistribution of land)

58
Q

Who were the SR’s responsible for assasinating ?

A

-Plehve
-Grand Duke Sergei
-Stolypin

59
Q

Who took strong leadership over the liberals?

A

the nobility(Lvov)

60
Q

which illegal unions did the liberals have control over ?

A

Union of Unions

61
Q

Who did the liberals appeal to?

A

The growing middle class

62
Q

Why could tsarist govt not ignore the liberals?

A

The wide unrest spreading through russia surrounding issues such as Russo-japanese war and Bloody sunday

63
Q

Who was directly responsible for the revolutionary movement and the october manifesto?

A

the liberals

64
Q

Where did the liberals have a wide following?

A

Universities and among students - often popular disturbances eg the 1901 St petersburg troubles

65
Q

Which groups were liberal?

A

Trudoviks and Kadets

66
Q

When were the Kadets formed and what were they a product of?

A

They were formed 1905 and a product of the liberal movement

67
Q

What were the fundamental laws?

A

-Tsar could appoint and dismiss ministers
-Tsar could veto legislation

68
Q

What did the fundamental laws do ?

A

Reasserted his autocratic power and that he had the power to dissolve the Duma if he wished

69
Q

Who helped persuade the tsar to pass the October manifesto?

A

Witte

70
Q

Under to October manifesto which group created new laws?

A

The council of ministers

71
Q

Which Duma was dominated by Cadets and Socialist Revolutionaries?

A

The first duma

72
Q

Why was the first duma dissolved?

A

It was too revolutionary and passed a vote of “no confidence” in Goremykin

73
Q

In the elections for which Duma were the landowners given more voting powers?

A

The third Duma

74
Q

What type of reform was Pyotr Stolypin most successful with in the third Duma?

A

Land reforms

75
Q

What was the Great Spurt?

A

the economic growth in Russia under Nicholas II

76
Q

Who was Sergei Witte ?

A

Finance Minister of imperial Russia until 1903

77
Q

Who was Count Vladimir Kokovstov?

A

The finance minister of Imperial Russia from 1903 until 1914

78
Q

What are the reasons that suggest that Russia had a strong economy in 1914?

A

-State Revenue doubled from 1908 to 1914 (2billion roubles to 4billion)
-50% growth in national income
-exports exceeded imports
-By 1910 the state-owned 70% of Russia’s railways and by 1905 there were 59,616km of track - This all created demand for Iron, Steel and coal.
-Between 1894 and 1913 there was an annual growth of 8%

79
Q

What are the reasons that argue that Russia did not have a strong economy in 1914?

A

-Compared to other countries in the West foreign trade was low (£190million compared with Britain £1223million)
-Comparative growth was 50% whereas Italys was 121%

80
Q

What were Stolypins agricultural reforms?

A

Reduce the power of the Mirs which was done through:
-Ending redemption payments
- Peasant ownership of land
- Consolidate strips of land
- Freedom to leave the village
Encourage enterprise which was done through:
-Reduced powers of Land captains
- New Peasant Landbank was set up
- Financial assistance to buy land
-Allowed to migrate to Siberia

81
Q

How did the Role of women change between 1894 and 1914?

A

-More factory work was made available to women which meant women could make an income and an income meant freedom
-The 1905 Russian Congress of women was set up

82
Q

How did the Role of women continue between 1894 and 1914?

A

-The patriarchal society and expectations
-Values and concepts of women remained

83
Q

How did the Role of education change between 1894 and 1914?

A

-Uni students grew to 96,000 in 1914 of which 45% were women
-Govt spending grew to over 82million roubles
-The growth in educated meant there was a movement away from feudalistic life

84
Q

How did the Role of education continue between 1894 and 1914?

A

-Urban areas had better access to education
-Secondary education remained elitist

85
Q

what was the Middle class like between 1894 and 1914?

A

-Still was small (only made up 1.8% of the population)
-was made up of civil servants, doctors, lawyers and merchants
-The number grew through industrialisation in both number and wealth
-They were educated with a wider view of the world so more open to new ideas and reform

86
Q

How did the Tercentenary of 1913 impact society?

A

-Factories were closed
-the Duma changed to a consultative body

87
Q

What was the aim of the 1913 tercentenary?

A

-Display propaganda in support of autocracy
-Maintain patriarchal support

88
Q

What was the significance of the 1913 tercentenary?

A

-Showed the tsar wasn’t going anywhere even after the revolution
-Showed tsarist strength

89
Q

what was the Working class like between 1894 and 1914?

A

-Was 4% of the population
-they had poor wages and poor working conditions
-there was insufficient housing and overcrowding (in 1904 16 people lived in each flat)

90
Q

What were the new benefits of Urban life for factory workers?

A

-There was an 85% rise in primary education from 1905-1914
-Employment under age 12 and women in labour mines was banned in 1892
-In 1897 labour hours were reduced to 11 1/2
-Political activism rose

91
Q

What were the disadvantages of Urban life for factory workers?

A

-Workers lived in poor conditions
-40% of houses in St Petersburg had no running water or sewage system
-30,000 inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-1909
-Women made up around 20% of the workforce yet had the wage of the lowest standard
-Goldfields strike 1912 where 270 were killed

92
Q

What were the developments in working and living conditions in the countryside?

A

-Minority migrated to Siberia > Govt schemes from 1896 to sponsor this > Trans-Siberian allowed this

93
Q

How can the working and living conditions in the countryside be seen to not have developed by 1914?

A

-90% of the land was still strip-farmed
-widespread poverty
-Gap between the richest and poorest sectors widened > Kulacks with help from peasant banks often bought out their impoverished neighbours
-Only 3.5million from a peasant population of 97million were able to take advantage of this
-60% illiteracy by 1914

94
Q

In 1895 when the Zemsto advised the Tsar to set up an advisory body what did Nicholas II say?

A

said the request was a ‘senseless dream’

95
Q

Who took charge of the Liberal movement?

A

-The Beseda Symposium > was set up in 1899 by Radical liberals

96
Q

What was the Beseda Symposium?

A

-Set up in 1899 by Radical liberals after the Tsar’s dismissal of their advice
-Wide range of support from > Public figures, Legal and teaching professions

97
Q

When was the Union of Liberation founded and who ran it?

A

-1903
-Pyotr Struve

98
Q

What happened under the Union of Liberation in 1904?

A

-Grand meeting > reps of zemstva and other professional societies
-Declared their intention for a constitutional monarchy

99
Q

How many political assassinations were carried out by the SRs between 1901-1905?

A

2000

100
Q

When did Marxist theory take off and why did it begin to take off?

A

-1890s
-Industrial take off

101
Q

What groups were attracted by Marxism?

A
102
Q

when did the Social Democratic Workers Party (SD) emerge?

A

1898

103
Q

When was the First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Worker’s party?

A

1898

104
Q

When did the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Worker’s party?

A

-Commenced in Brussels
-Moved to Shoreditch London
-Split of the Menshevik and Bolshevik party

105
Q

Who led the Mensheviks?

A

-Martov

106
Q

Who led the Bolsheviks?

A

-Lenin

107
Q

How many Tarde unions were closed down and denied registration between 1906 and 1910?

A

-497 closed down
-604 denied

108
Q

What happened in 1907?

A

-Economic depression and rise in unemployment

109
Q

What happened in lena Goldfields 1912?

A

-Shooting of an unarmed demonstrator

110
Q

What % of enterprises experienced a strike in 1914?

A

12%

111
Q

Why were the SD and SR weakened after 1905?

A

-Exile of their leaders

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